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8/8/2019 Bc Surabhi Prakash
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INTRODUCTION
Growing needs of mankind-RapidDevelopment.
Rapid advancement in computertechnology will lose its momentum whensilicon chip reaches its full capacity &miniaturization.
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Solving complex problems which today's
supercomputers are unable to perform instipulated period of time
WHAT COULD BE A REMEDY TOTHIS CONCERN?????
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Answer to this question is :
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CONTENTS
WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL COMPUTER ?
COMPONENTS
CONCEPT OF BIOLOGICAL COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS
HOW IT WORKS ?
CONVENTIONAL VS. BIOLOGICAL COMPUTERS
ADVANTAGES
LIMITATIONS
THE FUTURE
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What is Biological Computer?
Biological Computers arecomputers which use synthesized
biological components to store andmanipulate data analogous toprocesses in the human body.
The result is small yet fastercomputer that operates with greataccuracy.
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A BIOLOGIC A L COMPUTER
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COMPONENTS
Main biological component used in a
Biological Computer is :
RN A DN A Protiens
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RN A :
Ribonucleic A cid ² an importantpart in the synthesis of protein
from amino acids,
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DN A :Deoxyribonucleic A cid -
nucleic acid molecule thatcontains the important
genetic information that is
used by the body for theconstruction of cells; it's the
blue print for all living
organisms
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A hereditary material foundin almost all livingorganisms.
Located inside the nucleus of a cell.
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Helps in long termstorage of information.
Information in DN A isstored as a
code made of fourchemical bases( A TG&C).
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How BiologicalComputers Are
Introduced?????
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Combinations Of DN A Strand
Formation Of
DNA Strands
Precipitation
Of DNA
Spooling Of
DNA With Metal
Hook Or Similar
Device
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APPLIC A TIONS
Can be a general purpose tool for a varietyof problems.
Many possible applications:
Pattern recognition
Cryptography
Evaluating gene sequence
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Medical A pplication: ¶developing
disease· treatments such as cancer.
Taiwan introduced the world's first
DN A authentication chip & was used
for national identification cards inorder to crack down on frauds using
fake ID cards
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Selective cell treatment is made
possible.
The biological computer can also
perform simple mathematical
calculations.
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It is especially useful in monitoring
intercellular activity including mutation
of genes.
Biological machines can be implanted or
even built within a patient's
own cells that will act as biosensors,
watching out for diseasemarkers.
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HO W IT W ORKS ??
Biological computers are made inside a
patient's body. The researchers or
doctors merely provide the patient's
body with all of the necessary
information or a "blueprint" along
which lines the biological computerwould be "manufactured.
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" Once the "computer's" genetic blueprint
has been provided, the human body will
start to build it on its own using the
body's natural biological processes and
the cells found in the body.
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A s of today, reading signals produced by
cell activity is not yet possible due to
technological limitations. However,
through the use of a tiny implantable
biological computer, these cellular signals
could easily be detected, translated and
understood using existing medicaland laboratory equipment.
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HOW IT WORKS WITH
CONVENTION A L COMPUTERS??
A s with conventional computers, the
biological computer also works with
an output and an input signal. The main
inputs of the biological computer are the
body's proteins, RN A , and other specific
chemicals that are found in the human
cytoplasm. The output on the other handcould be detected using laboratoryequipment.
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CONVENTION A L VS. BIOLOGIC A L
COMPUTERS
Properties CONVENTIONALCOMPUTERS
BIOLOGICAL COMPUTERS
Component
Material
Inorganic e.g. SILICON Biological e.g. DNA
Processing Skill Sequential & limitedmassively parallel.
Massively parallel.
Current Max.
Operation
10 to the power(12)
ops/sec.
10 to the power (14)
ops / sec.
Quantum Effects aProblem ?
Yes No
Toxic Components ? Yes No
Energy Efficient ? No Yes
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AD V A NT A GES
Parallel Computing- Biologicalcomputers are massively parallel.
Incredibly light weight- With only 1 LBof DN A have more computing powerthan all the computers ever made.
Low power- The only power needed is tokeep DN A from denaturing.
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Solves Complex Problems quickly- A DN A
computer can solve hardest of problems in
a matter of weeks
Perform millions of operations
simultaneously.
Generate a complete set of potential
solutions.
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Cheap, clean, readily available
materials.
A mazing ability to store information
Efficiently handle massive amounts of working memory.
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This not only makes the healing process
easier. It also allows the doctors to focus
only on the damaged, diseased or
cancerous cells found in the patient's
body without causing stress to other
healthy and normal cells.
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LIMIT A TIONS
Error: Molecular operations are notperfect.
Efficiency: How many moleculescontribute?
Encoding problem in molecules is
difficult
DN A computing involves a relativelylarge amount of error.
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A s size of problem grows, probability of
receiving incorrect answer eventually
becomes greater than probability of
receiving correct answer
Reliability- There is sometime errors in
the pairing of DN A strands.
DN A in vitro decays through time, so
lab procedures should not take too long.
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THE FUTURE
A lgorithm used by A dleman for the
traveling salesman problem was simple.
A s technology becomes more refined,
more efficient algorithms may bediscovered.
DN A
Manipulation technology hasrapidly improved in recent years, and
future advances may make DN A
computers more efficient.
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The University of Wisconsin is
experimenting with chip-based DN A
computers.
Currently researchers at Harvard
University and Princeton University are
working on developing biologicalcomputers.
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Biological computer born
Living computer:
interconnected leech
neurons can add up
A computer made of
neurons taken from
leeches has been
created by US scientists
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THANK YOU!!!
It will take years to develop a practical,
workable Biological Computer.
But«Let·s all hope that this DREAM comes
true!!!