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Bio-Inspired DesignWb2436-05
Paul Breedveld
Lecture 5
Biomotion – Biopropulsion(Microscale)
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
LocomotionMethod
Single-CelledOrganism
Overview
ResultingTechnology
Bacteria
Protista
Swimming
Sliding
Swimming
Shape Change
?
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
ReynoldNumber
speed x width obstacle x density fluid
viscosity fluid=
=inertia forces
viscous forcesR
Living at very low Reynold numbers
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
=inertia forces
viscous forcesR
Inertia plays no roleViscosity completely dominant
Single-celled organisms: R very low, around 10-4
Scaling down: Volume3, Surface2
Movements must be irreversible!
Swimming through very thick sirop
Living at very low Reynold numbers
Bac-SlideBac-Swim Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Movements must be irreversible!
Bac-SlideBac-Swim Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-SlideBac-Swim Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bacteria:• Very small (0.1–40μm)• No specialized organs
Protista:• Quite large (max 2mm)• Specialized organs (nucleus, organellas)
Bac-SlideBac-Swim Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Bacteria:• Very small (0.1–40μm)• No specialized organs
Flagellum:• Hollow fibre, • 20nm thick• Performs• rotating motion• Sharp bend near• cell membrane
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
“Hook”
Double Bearing
Rotary Engine
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
H+ concentrationoutside cell alwayslarger
H+ ions move along rotor
Rotor is chargedalong slanting lines
Angle slope definesspeed (200-1000rpm)
H+H+
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
H+ concentrationoutside cell alwayslarger
H+ ions move along rotor
Rotor is chargedalong slanting lines
Agle slope definesspeed (200-1000rpm)
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bacterial FlagellumArrangements
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Effect of rotationwith more flagella
Counter Clockwise:• Structured motion• Forward locomotion
Clockwise:• Messy motion• Re-orientation
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Effect of rotationwith more flagella
Concentration food < when moving forward
Clockwise to changeorientation
Concentration food > when moving forward
Counter clockwise
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Fibers are wrapped around body
Spirochaete Bacteria
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Motion theory:Fibers can shrink & relax (like muscles)
All fibers relaxed
Fibers successively shrink & relax
relax
shrink
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
New motion theory:Fibers are connected to rotary engine
Reaction torque makes body rotate (?)
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Pili: “cables” that can beextended & retracted
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
A bacteria uses pili to pull itself towards a colony
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Extending & retracting a pilus
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Volume displacement
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Volume displacement
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
soap
water
cardboardboat
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Sperm cell in 3 positions
Flagellum
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Cilia
Vorticella
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Structure of flagellum & cilia (identical)
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Structure of flagellum & cilia (identical)
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Microtubuli(bendable tubes)
Radial Spokes(sliding distance holders)
“Nexine” Links(flexible tube-connectors)
“Dyneïne” Arms (linear motors)
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Microtubuli(bendable tubes)
“Nexine” Links(flexible tube-connectors)
“Dyneïne” Arms (linear motors)
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Flagellum configurations
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Amoeba
Pseudopods
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Amoeba
Ectoplasm: jelly-like, contains actine skeleton
Endoplasm: fluid
Pseudopod
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
1. Anti-body activates receptor in cell membrane
2. Receptor makes actin skeleton fall apart in smallparticles.
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
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Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
3. Particles initiate osmosis: water from endoplasmflows towards higher particle concentration, creating a pseudopod
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Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
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Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
4. Receptor stops working, skeleton is constructedagain, fixing shape pseudopod & preventing water to flow back
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
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Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Summary
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Bac-Swim Bac-Slide Prot-Swim Prot-Shape
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Exploring BiomechanicsR. McNeill Alexander
The Scientific American Library, 1992
Interesting References
Voortbeweging bij EéncelligenP. Tjon Pon Fong, A. Smeele
Stage Rapport, 2004
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Design Remarks
Wb2436-05, Lecture 5, Paul Breedveld, February 18, 2008
Reason! Explain why you did it, explain the reasoning behind your design.
Limit yourself: do not try to solve everything in 2 months, limit your assignment.
Focus on novel method/mechanism, not onstandard extra tools like camera’s etc.
Check Bio-Inspired Design_Assessment.doc!
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