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INDUSTRY/ TREATMENT
EDUCATION
RESEARCH
CELLS AND ORGANS
OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEMS
Biotechnology and Pharmacology Course Topic 02
A/Prof . Le Van Dong MD., PhD
Former Deputy Head, Department of Immunology
Vietnam Military Medical University
Tel: 0989058710; Email: levandong@vmmu.edu.vn
mailto:levandong@vmmu.edu.vnmailto:levandong@vmmu.edu.vn8/9/2019 BioPharma_02_Cells and Organs of the IS_Stu Ver
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Aims
Know origins and places of
maturation, differentiation process,
specific surface markers andfunctions of each immune cells.
Understand components and
functions of the two types of lymphoid organs.
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Haematopoiesis
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Haematopoiesis
Blood forming process
Take place in bone marrow
Strictly controlled process To give rise to all blood and immune cells
All blood cell types originate from a single
hematopoietic stem cell (hSC) hSC transplantation is common practice to cure
diseases related to blood forming disorders
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INDUSTRY/ TREATMENT
EDUCATION
RESEARCH
2. IMMUNE CELLS
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2.1. B lymphocyte
Origin: Bone marrow
Maturation: Bone marrow
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B cell surface markers
Surface immunoglobulin (SIg) to
serve as B cell receptor (BCR) for
antigen.
Each cell has thousands of SIgmolecules on the surface. All of them
have the same specificity, they can bind
to ONLY ONE structure called antigenic
determinant or epitope.
The specificity is defined by gene
arrangement.
CD19: to define it is B cell.
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CD molecule
CD: Cluster of Differentiation.
CD is unique structure, usually at a cells surface,
to which specific antibodies bind. By knowing the CDs we can distinguish among
cell types (who is who).
CD = Cell Determining molecule.
CD was first applied for human leukocyte antigen,
then extended to other cells.
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B lymphocyte differentiation
Peripheral lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen etc.)
Stem cell Pro-B Pre-B Immature B Mature B
Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. HBasic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011
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B lymphocyte differentiation
During differentiation (maturation) process, genes are
rearranged to form molecules that contribute to the
functions of the cell.
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B cell function:
produce antibody
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2.2. T lymphocyte
Origin: Bone marrow
Maturation: Thymus
Kuby Immunology 5th Ed Freeman and Company 2003
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T cell markers
CD2:
Involve in cell signaling
Natural receptor for sheepred blood cell
E rosette assay for
determination of T
lymphocyte
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T cell Surface markers
CD3:
Specific for T lymphocyte
Part of T cell receptor (signaling)
T cell receptor for antigen (TCR):Many molecules, same specificity
Some cells has, either: CD4 molecule, helper T cell (TH)
(target of HIV)
CD8, cytotoxic T cell (TC)Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. HBasic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011
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B cell and T cell receptors
Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. H
Basic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011
Similar in structures
Unique specificity - both formed by gene arrangement
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T cell differentiationAbbas A. K and Lichtman A. H
Basic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011
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T cell differentiation
During differentiation
(maturation) process,
genes are rearranged to
form molecules that
contribute to thefunctions of the cell.
Some molecules
appear, some disappear
during the maturation of
the cell
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T cell functions
3 types with distinct functions:
TH helps B lymphocyte to produce
antibody; macrophage to kill
bacteria.
TC kills (by cytotoxicity) virus-
infected cell and cancer cell.
Note: some TH cell regulateimmune response and called
regulate T cell (Treg)
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TH helps B lymphocyte to produce antibodies
Without T helper, B cell
can not produce (or very
little) antibody.
With T helper, B cell can
produce more antibodies
(types and quantity of
antibodies).
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OK,
macrophage
kill them!
Without T helper,
macrophage can eat the
bacteria but can not kill
them.
With T helper,
macrophage can kill the
bacteria which have been
eaten but survive insidethe cell).
TH helps macrophage to kill bacteria
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kill i i f d ll d
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Tc kills virus-infected cell and
cancer cell
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Figure 1-25
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TH and TC work together: TH calls more TCcome to kill microbe
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Treg controls (regulates) the immune response
(stop the immune response, do not harm to body)
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T cells markers and functions
CD2: signaling
CD3: signaling, part of TCR
T cell receptor: to recognize antigenEither:
CD4 (TH): helper T cell
CD8 (TC): cytotoxicity T cell
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2.3. Natural kil ler
(NK) cell
NK cell kills virus-
infected cells and
cancer cells. Personwho lack of NK cells
has higher risk of
cancer and viral
infection.
NK produces IFN- to
activate macrophage
to kills more bacteria.
Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. HBasic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011
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NK cell kills virus-infected cell and cancer cell
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Notes
B and T lymphocytes are professional cellsof the immune system. They not only react
wisely (specifically) to different microbes
which they encounter but also memorize
them, as such they can react faster and moreeffectively when meeting them again.
Vaccination is the way to train by exercise
(practicing to fight against vaccine) for
memorizing the pathogen, that provide thebody protection when the real pathogen enter
the body.
NK cell has no immunological memory, they
just kill the bodys modified cells.
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2.4. Phagocytes
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Phagocyte eats microbe and provide signals
to initiate an immune response
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2.5. Basophil and Mast cell
Mast cells are under skin and mucous
membrane.
Basophils are in the blood. Both have receptor for IgE antibody on the
surface of the cell.
Involve in allergic reaction.
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Mast cell Basophil
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2.6. Eosinophil
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2.7. Antigen presenting cell - APC
APCs include:
Macrophage
Dendritic cell
B lymphocyte All have ability to capture antigen, process them
into small peptide and presenting those
fragments to surface of the cell for T cell to
recognize them.
There are MHC class II molecule on the surface
as tool for antigen presentation.
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APCs
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INDUSTRY/ TREATMENT
EDUCATION
RESEARCH
3. LYMPHOID ORGANS
Two type of lymphoid organs:Central/primary lymphoid organs
Peripheral/secondary lymphoid organs
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Lymphoid organs/tisue
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Central/primary
lymphoid organs:
where the lymphocyte
growth without the
stimulation by antigen
Peripheral/secondary
lymphoid organs:
Where lymphocyteencounter antigen and
growth strongly after
stimulation by antigen.
3 1 Central lymphoid organs
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3.1. Central lymphoid organs
Thymus and Bone marrow
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Thymus educates pre-T lymphocyte
to mature T lymphocyte
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M t ti /diff ti ti f
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Maturation/differentiation process of
lymphocytes in central lymphoid organs
Bone marrow and thymus stromal cells educate pre-
lymphocyte to mature lymphocyte.
The lymphocyte undergo selection processes:
Positive selection: keep the functioning ones
Negative selection: remove the betrayer
The lymphocyte learn to differentiate which is belong to
the body own (self) and which is not (non-self). The cell
does not allow to react with self ones.
Only GOOD cells are allowed to mature.
3 2 i h l l h id
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3.2. Peripheral lymphoid organs
3 2 1 Lymph node
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3.2.1. Lymph nodeTo capture antigens which enter body through skin and
mucous membrane
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3.2.2. SpleenTo capture antigens which enter
blood stream
3 2 3 Lymphoid tissue in the mouth
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3.2.3. Lymphoid tissue in the mouthTo capture antigens which enter mouth area
3 2 4 Lymphoid tissue in the gut
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3.2.4. Lymphoid tissue in the gutTo capture antigens which enter through the gut
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4. Circulation of lymphocytes
Abbas A. K and Lichtman A. H
Basic Immunology 3rd Ed Saunders 2011
Ci l ti f l h t
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Circulation of lymphocytes
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Block of lymphatic vein
caused by parasiteWuchereria bancrofti
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SUMMARY
Lymphocytes
B (bone marrow), produce antibodies
T (thymus)
TCD4+: helper T cell (TH)
TCD8+: cytotoxicity T cell (TC)
Other cells: phagocytes, APCs, basophil and
mast cell, eosinophil
Lymphoid organs
Central: Bone marrow, thymus
Peripheral: lymph nodes, spleen, GALT
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Review Questions
1. Origin, surface markers, differentiationprocess and functions of B lymphocyte?
2. Origin, surface markers, differentiationprocess and functions of T lymphocyte?
3. Functions of neutrophil, macrophage,eosinophil, basophil, and mast cell.
4. What are APCs and their commonproperties.
5. What are central/ primary and peripheral/secondary lymphoid organs.