Post on 27-Oct-2014
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CHAPTER TWO Page 65 (4th Edition) Transformer
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2.1 (P-57) WHY TRANSFORMER ARE IMPORTANT TO MODERN LIFE
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2.1 (P-57) WHY TRANSFORMER ARE IMPORTANT TO MODERN LIFE
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2.1 (P-57) WHY TRANSFORMER ARE IMPORTANT TO MODERN LIFE
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2.1 (P-57) WHY TRANSFORMER ARE IMPORTANT TO MODERN LIFE
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2.1 (P-57) WHY TRANSFORMER ARE IMPORTANT TO MODERN LIFE
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2.2 (P-57-58) TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER (cont…..
Unit Transformer
Grid Transformer
Grid Transformer
Distribution Transformer
Sub-Station Transformer
Sub-Station Transformer
Sub-Station Transformer
Sub-Station Transformer
More Distance HV Low I2R Losses
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3 –Phase Transmission Line
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Primary and Secondary Windings A two-winding transformer consists of two windings interlinked by a mutual magnetic field
– Primary winding – energized by connecting it to an input source
– Secondary winding – to which an electrical load is connected and from which output energy is drawn.
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V
Mutual Flux
NP NSVP VS
IP IS
LOAD
AC Generator
Transformer
Source
Another Transformer
Resistive or inductive or combined
load
RatiotionTransformaaI
I
N
N
V
V
p
s
s
p
s
p
Circuit - Ideal Transformer Why?
No Leakage Flux
No Losses -{No Winding Resistance Losses}
- [No Core Losses due to eddy current and hysterisis]
Core of a transformer
Primary Side (P)
Secondary Side (S)
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2.2 (P-57-58) TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
Core Type Transformer
Mutual Flux M
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2.2 (P-57-58) TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
Shell Type Transformer
Mutual Flux M
Question: (Must Know)
Why transformer, motors and generators cores are made of laminated iron core (steel sheets)?
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2.2 (P-57-58) TYPES AND CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
The primary and secondary windings in a physical transformer are wrapped one on top of other with the low-voltage winding innermost. Such an arrangement serves two purposes:
1. Insulating the high-voltage winding from the core.
2. If the two windings were separated by a distance on the core, would results in much leakage flux
Iron core
Terminals
Secondarywinding
Insulation
PrimaryWinding
SecondaryWinding
Multi-layerLaminatedIron Core
X1X
2H1 H2
WindingTerminals
Shell Type Shell Type –both windings on same leg
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2. Why the transformers, motors and generators cores are made of iron why not from copper, Aluminum, glass, plastic or wood?
3. Why the transformer, motors and generators cores are made of laminated steel sheets (i.e. not solid steel) . Why ?
4. Laminated steel sheets are insulated from each other to (a) increase the eddy current (b) decrease the eddy current (c) increase the Hysterysis losses (d) decrease the hystyresis losses (f) decrease the mutual flux
Find the correct answer with justification/explanation.
Question:
1. Can we use the primary as a secondary or secondary as a primary?
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V
Mutual Flux
NP NSVP VS
IP IS
LOAD
What is Hysterisis loss?
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What is Leakage flux (inductance)?
Note:
Primary & secondary winding’s resistance are not shown in the circuit
Question: Do we have secondary winding leakage flux (inductance), if the load on the secondary side is not connected? Why?
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2.3 (P-58-61) THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
The ideal transformer has the following properties:
No iron or copper losses
No leakage flux
A core of infinite magnetic permeability and of infinite electrical resistivity
Flux is confined to the core and winding resistances are negligible
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In instantaneous quantities
2.3 (P-58-61) THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER (cont…..
Input voltage (Vp) and the output voltage (Vs), between the input current (Ip) and the output current ((Is) betweenthe primary turns (NP) andthe secondary turns (NS)
a
N
N
ti
ti
tv
tv
s
p
p
s
s
p
aI
I
V
V
p
s
s
p In rms quantities
a: turns ratio (transformation ratio)
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2.3 (P-58-61) THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER (cont…..
a
N
N
ti
ti
tv
tv
aN
N
ti
ti
tiNtiN
aN
N
tv
tvdttd
Ndt
tdtv
dttd
Ndt
tdtv
s
p
p
s
s
p
s
p
p
s
sspp
s
p
s
p
Ms
ss
Mp
pp
From Ampere’s law
Dividing (1) by (2)
Equating (3) and (4)
…………….. (1)
…………….. (2)
………………......……….. (3)
…………………..……….. (4)
………………….. (5)
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Voltage polarity: Dot convention: Phase dots are used to indicate polarities
2.3 (P-58-61) THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER (cont…..
Sketch of an ideal transformer Schematic symbol of a transformer
• The direction of the windings determines the polarity of the voltage across the secondary winding with respect to the voltage across the primary
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• The center tap (CT) transformer is equivalent to two secondary windings with half the voltage across each
• Center tap windings are used for rectifier supplies and impedance-matching transformers
Dot : Center Tapped Transformers
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TRANSFORMERS
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TRANSFORMERS
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TRANSFORMERS
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Question• A step-up transformer has a ratio of 1 to
10. Neglecting slight losses, if 100 W of power go into the primary coil, the power coming from the secondary coil is
• (a) 1 W• (b) 10 W• (c) 100 W • (d) 1000 W• (e) none of these
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Question• A step-up transformer has a ratio N of 1
(P) to 10 (S). Neglecting slight losses, if 1 Amp of current go into the primary coil, the current coming from the secondary coil is
• (a) 0.1 Amp• (b) 1 Amp• (c) 10 Amp • (d) 100 Amp• (e) none of these
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Problem for Transformer• In the circuit shown, how many volts are
impressed across, and how many amperes flow through, the light bulb?
Answer: 0.1 amp; 100:10 = 120:V, V = 10V; 10 x 1 = 100 x ?, so ? = 0.1
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Transformer problem• An ideal transformer has 50 turns in its
primary and 250 turns in its secondary. 12-V AC is connected to the primary.
• Find: (a) the volts AC available at the
secondary, (b) the current in a 10-ohm device
connected to the secondary, and (c) the power supplied to the primary.
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Solutionprimary voltage secondary voltage
primary turns secondary turns
=
12 V=
50 25012 x 250
V= = 60 volts50
V 60I x = x 6 amps
R 10Power to primary = Power to secondary
P x VI =60 x 6 =360 watts
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P
QS
IV /
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jQ = /90o
-jQ = /-90o
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Power in an Ideal Transformer
outssppin
outsss
sppin
inpppp
sssout
sp
pppin
SIVIVS
QIVa
IaVIVQ
PIVaIa
VIVP
IVP
sincossin
coscoscos
cos
Real power P supplied to the transformer by the primary circuit
Real power coming out of the secondary circuit
Thus, the output power of an ideal transformer is equal to its input power.
The same relationship applies to reactive Q and apparent power S:
2.3 (P-58-61) THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER (cont…..
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Question from class student.
What is actuator?
Ans: Next Slide
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Electro-Mechanical
What is a Actuator?
• Actuator is a device which produce mechanical energy (output motion) in response to some type of energy input.
Energy
Electrical
Thermal
Fluid• Hydraulic• Pneumatic
Mechanical
Chemical
Actuator Motion
Rotary
Linear
Complex
Many actuators rely on electromagnetic forces to create their action.