Chapter 2

Review

Atomic Structure

• Protons• Neutrons• Electrons

Atomic Structure

• Atomic Number• Mass Number• Isotopes• Energy levels

Chemical Bonds

• Molecules• Compound• Ionic bonds– Cations– Anions

• Covalent bonds– Polar covalent– Nonpolar covalent

Chemical Bonds cont.

• Hydrogen bonds• States of Matter

Chemical Reactions

• Reactants• Products • Metabolism – All the chemical

reactions in the body

Enzymes, Energy &

Chemical Reactions• Activation Energy• Enzymes– Catalysts

• Exergonic reactions– Release energy

• Endergonic reactions– More energy required to begin the reaction than is

released

Inorganic Compounds

• Nutrients– Essential elements & molecules

• Metabolites– Molecules that can be synthesized or broken

down by chemical reactions inside our body• Electrolytes – Undergo ionization in water to form ions• Hydrophilic• hydrophobic

Water & Its Properties

• Solution– Solutes– Solvents– pH• Acids• Bases• Neutrals

Organic Compounds Carbohydrates

• Include starches & sugars• Carbohydrates– Monosaccharides • Monomer - glucose

– Disaccharides– Polysaccharides• Dehydration synthesis

Lipids

• Include: fats, oils, waxes• Monomers – Fatty acids & glycerol

• Water insoluble• Steroids– Structure of cell membranes– Sex hormones– Lipid digestion

Proteins cont. • Monomers– Amino acids

• Polypeptide bonds• Levels of structure– Primary (amino acid

sequence)– Secondary (amino acid

interactions)– Tertiary (complex folding)– Quaternary (protein

complexes)

Proteins

• Structural proteins• Contractile proteins• Transport proteins• Buffering proteins• Enzymes• Hormones• Antibodies

Enzymatic Reactions

• Active sites • Substrates • Denature

Nucleic Acids• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)– Sugar

• deoxyribose

– Nitrogenous bases• Adenine, Guanine, Thymine,

Cytosine

• RNA (Ribonucleic acid)– Nitrogenous bases

• Adenine, Guanine, Uracil, Cytosine

– Sugar • Ribose

High Energy Compounds

• ATP – Adenosine triphosphate• ADP – Adensonsine diphosphate