Post on 26-Mar-2018
transcript
Slide 1
Chapter 3 – The Molecules of Life
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Slide 2 State Standards
Standard 1.h.
Standard 5.a.
Standard 4.e.
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Slide 3 Organic Molecules
• A cell is mostly water.
• The rest of the cell consists mostly of carbon‐based molecules – organic compounds.
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‐ Life’s diversity results from
‐ Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.
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Slide 4 Carbon Chemistry
• Carbon is a versatile atom.
‐ It has 4 electrons in an outer shell that holds eight.
‐ Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms
• Carbon can use its bonds to
‐ Attach to other carbons.
‐ Form an endless diversity of carbon skeletons.
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Slide 5
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Slide 6
• The simplest organic compounds are hydrocarbons.
‐ These are organic molecules containing
‐ Composed of a carbon skeleton with
• The simplest hydrocarbon is methane.
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Slide 7
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Slide 8
• Larger hydrocarbons
‐ Are the main molecules in the gasoline we burn in our cars.
• The hydrocarbons of fat molecules provide energy for our bodies.
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Slide 9
• The unique properties of a organic compound depend not only on its carbon skeleton but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton.
‐ These atoms are called functional groups.
‐ The functional groups of an organic compound participate in chemical reactions.
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Slide 10
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Slide 11 Hydrocarbon Practice
Directions: Draw the following 5 carbon hydrocarbons:1. Unbranched
b. Why does each carbon bond to 4 other atoms?2. With a double bond
b. What is the molecular formula of this hydrocarbon?
3. Branched with no double bondsb. What is the molecular formula?
• Ringed with one double bondb. How many hydrogen atoms are in this molecule?
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Slide 12
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Hydrocarbon Practice
Identify the functional group or groups in each molecule.
1. 4.
2. 5.
3.
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Slide 13 Giant Molecules from Smaller Building Blocks
• Many of life’s molecules are gigantic.
‐ Biologists call them macromolecules.
‐ Examples: DNA, carbohydrates
• Most macromolecules are polymers.
‐ Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers.
‐ A huge number of different polymers can be made from a small number of monomers.
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Slide 14 Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis
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Slide 15 Polymers are broken down to monomer by the reverse process, hydrolysis
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Slide 16 State whether the statement is describing dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis.
1. Connects monomers to form a polymer.
2. Produces water as a by‐product.
3. Breaks up polymers, forming monomers.
4. Water is used to break bonds between monomers.
5. Joins amino acids to form a protein.
6. Glycerol and fatty acids combine to form a fat.
7. Occurs when polysaccharides are digested to form monosaccharides.
8. ‐H and –OH groups form water.
9. Nucleic acid breaks up to form nucleotides.
10. Water breaks up.
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Slide 17 Biological Molecules
• There are four categories of large molecules in cells:
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic acids
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Slide 18 Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates include
‐ Simple sugar molecules such as glucose in soft drinks
‐ Large polysaccharides such as starch molecules in pasta and potatoes
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Slide 19 Carbohydrates
• The functions of carbohydrates include
‐ Provide energy for cellular work
‐ Short term storage of energy
‐ Building material to form plant bodies
‐ Carbon skeleton can be used to produce
other organic compounds
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Slide 20 Monomers of carbohydrates
• The monomers of carbohydrates are the monosaccharides (simple sugars)
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Slide 21 Monosaccharides
• Monosaccharides are simple sugars.
‐ Examples: glucose, fructose
• They are the source of energy for cellular work.
• Their carbon skeleton is used to produce other organic compounds
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Slide 22 Disaccharides
• A disaccharide is a double sugar
‐ It is made from two monosaccharides.
• Examples include: sucrose, lactose, maltose
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Slide 23 Cells link simple sugars to form disaccharides
Monosaccharides can join to form disaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction.
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Slide 24 Polysaccharides
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Slide 25 Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides are complex sugars
• They are long chains of monosaccharideslinked together by dehydration synthesis reactions.
• Examples include: starch, glycogen, cellulose
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Slide 26 Lipids
• Lipids are composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen
• They are grouped together because they are hydrophobic.
• Functions are: long term energy storage, hormones (chemical messengers)
• Examples: fats, steroids, phospholipids, waxes
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Slide 27 Fats
• Fats are lipids whose main function is long term energy storage
‐ They are also called triglycerides
• Fats perform essential functions in the human body:
‐ Long term energy storage
‐ Cushioning
‐ Insulation
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Slide 28 Fats
• A triglyceride is a combination of glycerol and three fatty acid.
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Slide 29 Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated
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Slide 30 Healthy fats
• Not all fats are unhealthy.
‐ Some fats perform important functions in the body and are essential to a healthy diet
‐ Example: omega‐3 fats found in some fish
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Slide 31 Steroids
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Slide 32 Steroids
• Steroids are very different from fats in structure and function.
‐ The carbon skeleton is bent to form four
fused rings.
• Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids
‐ Example: sex hormones
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Slide 33 Anabolic steroids
• Anabolic steroids are usually synthetic forms of testosterone.
• Some athletes use them to build up their muscles quickly.
• However, these substances can pose serious health risks.
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Slide 34 Phospholipids and Waxes
• Phospholipids are a major component of cell membranes.
• Waxes form waterproof coatings.
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Slide 35 Proteins
• Proteins perform most of the tasks the body needs to function
• This includes: enzymes
transport
hormones
structural components
antibodies
contractile
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Slide 36 Proteins
• The building blocks of proteins are aminoacids.
• There are 20 different amino acids.
Each amino acids consists of
‐ A central carbon atom bonded to 4 covalent partners
‐ A side group that is different for each of the 20 amino acids.
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Slide 37 Proteins
• Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis reactions.
• The resulting bond between them is called a peptide bond.
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Slide 38 Your body has tens of thousands of different kinds of proteins• The diversity of proteins is based on its primarystructure
‐ the specific sequence of
amino acids
• Proteins differ in
‐ The different
arrangements of the
amino acids
‐ The number of amino
acids they contain
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Slide 39
• A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function.
• The substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes sickle‐cell disease.
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Slide 40 Levels of Protein Structure
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Slide 41 Protein Structure
• A protein’s shape determines its function.
• The shape of a protein is sensitive to the surrounding environment.
‐ Unfavorable temperature and pH changes can cause a protein to unravel, lose its shape and its function.
‐ This is called denaturation
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Slide 42 Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are information storage molecules.
‐ They provide the directions for building proteins.
‐ They ultimately control the life of a cell.
• There are two types of nucleic acids:
‐ DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
‐ RNA, ribonucleic acid
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Slide 43 Nucleic Acids
• The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides.
• Each nucleotide is composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
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Slide 44 Nucleic Acids
• Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases: Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
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Slide 45 Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides are linked into long chains.
• A sugar to phosphate backbone joins the nucleotides together.
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Slide 46 The Structure of DNA
• The sugar in DNA is dexoyribose.
• The two strands of DNA join together to from a double helix.
• The sequence of the bases in DNA carries genetic information.
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Slide 47 DNA Provides the Instructions to Make a Protein
• The genetic instructions in DNA are used to produce the primary structure of a protein.
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Slide 48 Structure of RNA
• RNA is different from DNA
‐ Its sugar is ribose
‐ It has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
‐ It is single stranded
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Slide 49 ATP – The Cell’s Energy
• ATP provides the energy needed for almost all cell and body activities.
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Slide 50 ATP – The Cell’s Energy
• ATP is composed of:
a ribose sugar
the base adenine
3 phosphate groups
• Potential energy is stored in the covalent bonds between the phosphate groups
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Slide 51 ATP – The Cell’s Energy
• When the bond joining the 2nd and 3rd
phosphate group is broken the stored energy is released and is used by the cell to do work.
Energy
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State whether the statement is describing dehydration synthesis or hydrolysis.
1. Connects monomers to form a polymer.
2. Produces water as a by‐product.
3. Breaks up polymers, forming monomers.
4. Water is used to break bonds between monomers.
5. Joins amino acids to form a protein.
6. Glycerol and fatty acids combine to form a fat.
7. Occurs when polysaccharides are digested to form monosaccharides.
8. ‐H and –OH groups form water.
9. Nucleic acid breaks up to form nucleotides.
10. Water breaks up.