Post on 29-Dec-2015
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CHAPTER 5MINERALS
Name: __________________
Period: _____
Date: ___________________
Minerals are S.O.N.I.C.
a substance must meet the following criteria to be classified as a mineral:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Formation of Minerals
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Crystals are a H.OT.M.I.T.
An orderly arrangement of atoms in a mineral Will form one of the six basic shapes:
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Mineral Families SSSCOHN
Minerals are grouped into families by their chemical structure. There are seven families:
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Silicates
__________of the earth’s crust Made from different atoms and __________ and
_______________ plus a metal (aluminum or iron), some do not have this metal (quartz)
Basic building block is the _____________________which is one silicon atom bonded to _____oxygen atoms
Classified on how the tetrahedron is linked together ( chains or single sheet)
Common: mica, feldspar, quartz, amphibole, pyroxene, olivine, beryl
Carbonates
Made from different atoms and __________ and 3 __________ plus a metal (aluminum or iron)
Most common is calcite and dolomite used in building materials
Other common: azurite, malachite
Oxides
Made from different atoms and __________ plus a metal (usually iron)
Used in steel industry, magnets, car parts, medicines, cosmetics, plastics, and paints
Common: hematite, magnetite
Sulfides
Made from different atoms and ______________ plus a metal (iron)
Used is medicines, cosmetics, plastics, paints, and industry
Common: pyrite, galena
Sulfates
Made from different atoms and ____________ and ___________ plus a metal (aluminum or iron)
Used in steel industry, car parts, medicines, cosmetics, plastics, and paints
Common: Gypsum, Celestine, barite
Halides
Atoms bonded with any one of the following elements _________, ___________, _________, __________, ____________ plus a metal
Used in steel industry, car parts, medicines, cosmetics, plastics, and paints
Common: Fluorite, Halite,
Native Elements
Any mineral that is made ___________________________
Used in steel industry, car parts, medicines, cosmetics, plastics, and paints
Common: Gold, Silver, Platinum, Potassium, Calcium,
Classification
Physical inspection and tests identify minerals: ____________: least reliable ____________: true color of mineral ____________: can be metallic or nonmetallic ____________: the strength of a mineral not to be
scratched ___________________: its mass compared to water ______________: Cleavage or Fracture Special Properties: these are special identifying traits
that some minerals posses
Color
Observation Some minerals identified by their unique color:
Sulfur is yellow Azurite is blue Malachite is green
Most un reliable: Many minerals can have the same color Weathering/oxidation of mineral surface can change
true color
Streak
By rubbing a mineral on a unglazed porcelain tile, a minerals true color can be found
Some nonmetallic minerals have a colorless or white streak
Most metallic minerals have a grey or black streak
Luster
How a mineral reflects light Metallic: looks like rusted or shiny metal Nonmetallic: does not look like meta Some descriptions:
Shiny Earthy Brilliant Dull Glassy Pearly Waxy
Hardness
The resistance of a mineral to being scratched
Based on atom alignment Test with the Moh’s scale
1 is softest: talc10 hardest: diamond
Breakage
________________: breaking mineral and it cleaves into smooth flat surfaces (or right angles are made)
________________: breaking mineral and it does not cleaveDescriptive: fibrous, splintery, jagged,
Conchoidal
Cleavage
Fracture
Specific Gravity
Comparing the mass of a mineral to an equal volume of water
Metallic Minerals have a higher specific gravity (3 to 5)
Nonmetallic usually can have a lower specific gravity (1 to 3)
Special Properties
Phosphorous: can continue to glow after UV turned off
Fluorescence: can glow under UV light Magnetic: can attract metals Refractive: can bend light Radioactive: can send off radioactive
particles
Flouresence
Phosphoresence
Refractive