Post on 02-Jan-2017
transcript
Chapter
Ninth Edition
America: Past and Present
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
Democracy and Democracy and Dissent: The Violence Dissent: The Violence of Party Politics, 1788–of Party Politics, 1788–18001800
7
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Force of Public Opinion
• Root cause of political parties: ambiguity of republic ideology – what is a Republic
• Jefferson and Hamilton both want republic but disagree on what it is
• Start of political parties – Federalists vs Jeffersonians Republicans
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Principle and Pragmatism:Establishing a New Government• George Washington unanimously elected
president, 1788• Washington was symbol of new government• He embodied the hopes and fears of the new
republic• Washington made his own decisions• Congress established three executive
departments: War, State, and Treasury
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Principle and Pragmatism:Establishing a New Government• Judiciary Act of 1789 established Supreme
Court with one chief justice and eight associate justices
• 1789—5% tariff levied to fund government
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Conflicting Visions: Alexander Hamilton
• Washington’s aide-de-camp in Revolution• Secretary of the Treasury• Wanted stronger ties to Britain – model banks
after Britain• Strong central government with support of
wealthy • Envisioned U.S. as an industrial power – Private
greed could be source of public good• Feared anarchy more than tyranny – belief in
elites
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Conflicting Visions:Thomas Jefferson
• Secretary of state under Washington• Believed limited government preserves
liberty • Envisioned U.S. as an agrarian nation • Trusted the common people• Against large debt• Favored France over Britain
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Hamilton’s Plan forProsperity and Security
• Washington’s first term – finances • Congress asked Hamilton for suggestions
for solutions to debt problem• He produced three reports:
– First Report is Report on the Public Credit– Report contains two parts: Funding and
Assumption• Debt of $54 million, additional state debt of
$25 million• 80% of debt held by speculators
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Funding and Assumption
• Funding: Congress redeems federal certificates of debt at face value to current holders– Insisted bondholders support new
government– Criticized by Madison and others because
most debt in hands of speculators– Madison thought only a few would benefit
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Funding and Assumption
• Assumption: federal government pays states’ debts – Opposed by states that had already paid their
debts– Madison at first led congress to defeat the
funding – But eventually passed in exchange for
locating capital on Potomac (Washington D.C.)
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Interpreting the Constitution: The Bank Controversy
• Second Report was Bank of the United States
• National bank would be privately owned, but partly funded by federal government
• Opposed because it might “perpetuate a large monied interest” – saw bank as corrupt like British system
• Jefferson opposed it as unconstitutional
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Interpreting the Constitution: The Bank Controversy
• Hamilton defended constitutionality through doctrine of “implied powers”
• Congress chartered bank, 1791• Perception that Hamilton was bringing
corrupt British system to America• Washington approved Hamilton’s idea
because it was stronger than Jefferson’s
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Setback for Hamilton
• Third Report was Report on Manufacturing (1791) sought federal encouragement for manufacturing– Protective tariffs and industrial bounties
• Madison warned that program would strengthen federal government at state expense
• Jefferson warned that the rise of cities would destroy agriculture
• Southerners opposed to protective tariffs
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Charges of Treason:The Battle over Foreign Affairs • French and English Wars shape U.S. political
division• Washington’s second term focused on foreign
affairs• Both British and French treated America
arrogantly• Jeffersonian Republicans
– Favored France – States’ rights– Strict interpretation of the Constitution
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Charges of Treason:The Battle over Foreign Affairs • Hamiltonian Federalists
– Favored England– Strong central government and economic
planning– Maintenance of order by federal troops
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Peril of Neutrality
• British still occupied Ohio River Valley and discriminated against American trade
• Franco-British War broke out, 1793• England violated American sovereignty and
neutrality on high seas• British actions indicate a disdain for American
rights – Jefferson: punish England by cutting off trade– Hamilton: appease England because too strong
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Jay’s Treaty Sparks Domestic Unrest
• John Jay to England to demand:– Removal of English from American soil– Payment for ships illegally seized– Better commercial relations– Acceptance of United States’ neutrality
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Jay’s Treaty Sparks Domestic Unrest
• Hamilton told English that U.S. not firm and would make compromises
• Jay’s Treaty won no major concessions• British to abandon frontier posts and let a few
small ships trade in British West Indies• Washington disliked, but accepted, treaty• Senate ratified by smallest possible margin• Treaty caused major concerns
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
New Orleans and Florida
• Spain had closed Mississippi River to Americans
• Spain interpreted Jay’s Treaty as Anglo-American alliance against Spain so Spain agree to new treaty with America
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
New Orleans and Florida
• Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty)– Spanish opened the Mississippi River and
New Orleans to U.S. West– Settled disputed border between Florida and
U.S.– Spanish ceased inciting Indians against
settlers
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Conquest of the West
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Popular Political Culture
• Political “parties” condemned as factions• By end of Washington’s first term,
government is divided• Widespread concern over loss of common
revolutionary purpose• Federalists and Republicans suspected
each others’ loyalty• Party members thought it a patriotic duty
to destroy opposing party
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Informing the Public: News and Politics
• Changing the nation’s political life• Newspapers widely read, highly influential
– most people could read• Newspapers shrill, totally partisan• Newspapers main source of political
information
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Whiskey Rebellion: Charges of Republican Conspiracy
• Excise tax on whiskey imposed 1791• 1794—western Pennsylvania farmers protested• Lent credence to fears of violence against the
government• Republican governor refused to act • Federalists interpreted as Republican conspiracy• Washington and Hamilton led 15,000-man army
to crush the rebellion• Rebels could not be found – embarrassing
fiasco for government• Increased Republican electoral strength along
the frontier
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Whiskey Rebellion: Charges of Republican Conspiracy
• Washington blamed Republicans for encouraging unrest
• Jefferson saw it as excuse to raise army to intimidate opposition
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Washington’s Farewell
• Washington increasingly sympathetic to Federalists
• Fall 1796—Washington released Farewell Address
• Warned against alliances with nations that weren’t promoting American security
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Adams Presidency
• Bitterly divisive election in 1796• Federalists divided, Hamilton tried to push
Pinckney over Adams• Adams forced to accept people not
supportive in cabinet• Hamilton interferes with Adam’s
presidency and made it difficult
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The XYZ Affair andDomestic Politics
• Jay’s Treaty prompted France to treat U.S. as unfriendly nation
• Diplomatic mission failed when three French officials (X, Y, and Z) demanded bribe
• Provoked anti-French outrage in U.S.• XYZ affair led to Quasi war with France –
France seized US ships
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Crushing Political Dissent
• Federalists began building up the army– Ostensible purpose: repel French invasion– Actual intention: stifle internal opposition
• Hamilton commanded army, controlled officers
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Crushing Political Dissent
• Hamilton sought declaration of war against France to begin operations against dissent
• Adams created navy, refused to ask Congress for war
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Silencing Political Opposition: The Alien and Sedition Acts
• Alien and Sedition Acts– Purpose to silence Republicans– First civil liberties crisis
• Alien Enemies Act and Alien Act gave the president power to expel any foreigner
• Sedition Act criminalized criticism of the government – many see as threat to their political rights and infringement on First Amendment
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Silencing Political Opposition: The Alien and Sedition Acts
• The Naturalization Act requires U.S. residency of fourteen years for citizenship
• Allows Federalists to maintain control
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
• Republicans saw Alien and Sedition Acts as dire threat to liberty
• Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions - states have the right to nullify federal law under certain circumstances (States’ Rights)– Jefferson’s Kentucky Resolutions—states
may nullify unconstitutional federal law– Madison’s Virginia Resolutions—urged states
to protect their citizens
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
• Purpose of resolutions: clarify differences between Republicans and Federalists, not justify secession
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Adams’s Finest Hour
• 1799—Adams broke with Hamilton• Sent new team to negotiate with France• War hysteria against France vanished• U.S. resolves – United States resolved its
differences with France• Hamilton’s army seen as a useless
expense
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800
• Hamilton’s High Federalists led campaign to replace Adams with Pinckney
• Federalists lost, but Republicans Jefferson and Burr tied
• Election went to House of Representatives and they picked Jefferson after many ballots
• 12th amendment to Constitution ensures this didn’t happen again – changed process of electing President and VP
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
The Peaceful Revolution: The Election of 1800
• Adams and the “midnight judges”– Chief Justice John Marshall
• Jefferson’s inaugural: “we are all republicans, we are all federalists”
• Federalists lost touch with public• Federalists party split
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.
America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands
Danger of Political Extremism
• Election of 1800 one of the most important• Transfer of power from Federalists to
Republicans achieved peacefully• Nation averted ideological civil war