Chapter 8 Part IILONG TERM MEMORY

RETRIEVALFORGETTING

Step #2 – StorageLong Term Memory

e. Drugs block the firing of the neuron, stopping the LTP, and disrupting storage.

f. Hormones affect learning/memory formation during stress and emotional reactions.

  * Flashbulb Memory – a memory of an INTENSELY emotional experience. You relive it and rehearse it frequently, creating LTP.

Flashbulb Memories

Step #2 – StorageLong Term Memory

I. Two LTM Systems (Oliver Sacks)

A. Implicit Memories –implied by our behaviors

  1. Procedural –require muscle memory/cerebellum

  2. Nondeclarative – we don’t talk about them, we just “remember” them long-term

• Reciting favorite songs…

• Conditioned response…. Pavlov/Slobber

• May I have some candy ____________?

 

Step #2 – StorageLong Term Memory

B. Explicit Memories – Explicit because we “explain” them

1. Declarative - we talk about these memories

  a. semantic/Left Hemisphere

Factual information, meaning

  b. episodic/Right Hemisphere

Personal/Emotional/”Episodes” of our life

  2. Hippocampus/Association Areas/Temporal Lobes

Photo ShareDESCRIBE ONE:

PROCEDURAL, EPISODIC, AND SEMANTIC MEMORY FROM YOUR PHOTO

Stage 2 – StorageLong Term Memory

C. Future and Past

  1. Prospective MemoryMemory for something we intend to do out in the future.

Remembering to remember

I remember that I need to stop at the grocery store on the way home from school.

  2. Retrospective Memory

Content remembered from the past.

Includes: Semantic

Episodic

Procedural

Step #3 - Retrieval

Step #3 - RetrievalA. Three types of retrieval:

1. Recall: fill-in-the-blank

Close your eyes…..

What are the four lobes of the brain and what does each do?

What’s the name of that one movie with that one guy?

2. Recognition: matching, multiple choice, true/false

Do you know who the person to your left is?

3. Relearning: review questions, take-home exam, rewind

Relearn names…. (it takes 7 times)

*You can NEVER over learn! You CAN under learn!

*You are not relearning/retrieving if you never learned it to begin with.

* What do you think is your strongest type of retrieval?

Step #3 – RetrievalCues and Priming

B. To retrieve information, we need CUES (noun). These HELP get our brain ready to retrieve the information by PRIMING (verb) it. In other words, we are accessing that memory system put together through LTP.

1. What primes us or acts as a cue?

a. Context – Read the words out loud.

• Deja vu - Have you ever experienced?

• LTP – We “prime” the same memory system…

• In our experiment, what primed your contextual memory?• Context = the situation, the surroundings, the environment where the

information was originally learned.

• Context is the CUE to PRIME memory

Step #3 – RetrievalCues and Priming

b. State of Mind “State Dependent Memory” (state of mind)

Stress/Adrenaline

Sleepiness

Intoxication

Comic

State of mind is the CUE to PRIME memory

c. Mood - Mood Congruent Memories –

How can I get mad? I’m so happy NOW!

Emotion is the CUE to PRIME memory

Step #3 – RetrievalRepression

A. Can we repress memories of past abuse?

1. Repression DOES happen, but it’s usually retrieved with CUES.

2. Incest DOES happen

3. Forgetting DOES happen

4. Recovered memories are common place, both good and bad.

5. Memories “recovered” under drugs and/or hypnosis are very unreliable. False Memories

6. Memories of things that happened before the age of 3 are very unreliable…. WHY?

Infantile Amnesia

Procedural Memories – First

Semantic Memories – Require Language

Episodic Memories – Require Self-Concept (last)

7. Memories real or false can be very emotionally upsetting.

Step #3 – RetrievalRepression

B. So, does repression occur? What’s the verdict?• Hard to prove

• Memories can “feel” real, even if they are not

• Be sensitive as a therapist

• All evidence shows that we forget rather than repress

• Memories prior to age three are unreliable

Step #3 – RetrievalForgetting

IV. Forgetting• We forget because we fail to ENCODE.

• We forget because we fail to STORE properly.

• We forget because as we encode there is INTERFERENCE

• We forget because we are MOTIVATED to. (we ignore cues)

• We forget because we can’t access information…….

A. RETRIEVAL failure

1. Perhaps there weren’t enough CUES

a. Sensory Cues

b. Mood or State of Mind

c. Context

Step #3 – RetrievalForgetting

2. May be caused by retrieval INTERFERENCE

a. Proactive

Mnemonic P

O

b. Retroactive

Mnemonic R

N  

Pro and Retro

Step #3 – RetrievalMemory Construction

V. Memory Construction

A. When you construct a memory, it can be:

1. Altered as it is ENCODED. 

2. Altered as it is RETRIEVED.

3. Misdirected by your SCHEMA.

  4. Misinformation Effect:

(Loftus again!) – misdirection due to leading questions

  Loftis Misinformation Ted Talk

5. Source Amnesia (crazy cousin/Mrs. Fuhriman)

Step #3 – RetrievalAmnesia

B. Amnesia - no memory construction or reconstruction

1. Eidetic Imagery (snapshot)• Eidetic Memory

2. Pathology of Memory *Attached Article* What is pathology???

Retrograde Amnesia – Forget RIGHT before the accident/trauma.

  Mnemonic: VRRRRRROOM!!

  Anteretrograde Amnesia -- Forget AFTER the accident/trauma.

  Mnemonic: AAAAHfter!!

Step #3 – RetrievalAmnesia

Hippocampal Amnesia *Video* -- Breakdown in storage from STM – LTM (Clive) 

Milner’s Syndrome – Remember everything up to a set point in time. Brain damage 

Karsakoff’s Syndrome – Chronic alcoholism, vitamin deficiency, lose recent and begins to recede back.

  Alzheimer’s -- Impaired semantic memory system due to build up of “plaques and tangles” in the hippocampus and left hemisphere. Interference with neural transmission in memory areas.

  Hysterical Amnesia – Soap Opera memory loss

Article Attached