SPAIN LOOKS WESTWARDChapter 9

THE SPANISH WORLDVIEW OF COLUMBUS’ TIME

Religious intolerance Emphasis on gold Maritime confidence

GEOGRAPHY AND RELIGION

Europe

Africa

Spain

HOW MIGHT THE LOCATION OF A COUNTRY INFLUENCE ITS RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCES?

AL-ANDALUS, MUSLIM SPAIN

Most of Spain was Christian at the beginning of the middles ages.

Spain was ruled by the Visigoths (invaded Spain from the north at the end of the Roman Empire).

Spain became vulnerable (allowing Muslims to take control) due to: Internal struggles A series of weak rulers

YEAR 711: MUSLIM FORCES

Tariq ibn-Ziyad landed in Spain with his Muslim forces.

Conquered almost the entire Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).

In 785 began building the Aljama Mosque of Cordoba (expanded over the next 200 years).

Many Christian converted to Islam, but some did not.

LIFE AND SOCIETY

Spain was part of the Islamic world for the next five centuries.

The Arab Islamic world was part of the largest economic trade zone in the world.

Goods and ideas were exchanged between places as far as Spain, Egypt, Syria, Zanzibar and Indonesia.

Muslim rulers supported the arts (reflected Islamic values).

CENTRES OF LEARNING

Learning was greatly valued (understand the universe; aid in living an ethical life).

World’s first university was established in Cairo in 971.

Muslim scholars studied medicine and science.

Muslim and Jewish scholars translated books and essays of the ancient Greeks.

RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE

Tolerant of religious minorities. Read religious Tolerance on p. 198

CALIPHATE

The area of jurisdiction of Islamic rulers.

In 1000s, Spain began to decline due to ineffective rulers which led to civil unrest and the sectioning of Al-Andaluz into a number of independent principalities (states)

RECONQUISTA

Began as a way for the Christian kingdoms to expand their power and influence.

Was also a war based on religious differences

During this time the Spanish developed a new way of fighting on the battlefield.

Read p. 199

TIMELINE:

Because of its location, Spain was influenced by the Arab world and the Muslim religion.

TIMELINE:

Tariq ibn-Ziyad crossing the Sait of Gibraltar and landing in Spain.

TIMELINE:

Muslims expand across the Iberian Peninsula and conquer all of it.

TIMELINE:

New rulers construct mosque at Cordoba to help create national identity.

TIMELINE:

Exchange of goods and ideas to and from Spain

TIMELINE:

Music, art and architecture reflect Islamic values

TIMELINE:

Cordoba and Granada become centres of learning

TIMELINE:

Muslim Spain was largely tolerant of minority religions.

TIMELINE:

Weak leaders led to civil unrest

TIMELINE:

Number of independent states replace a unified Spanish nation

TIMELINE:

Quarrelling among local leaders weakens the country.

TIMELINE:

Christian kingdoms begin to expand across Spain (The Reconquista)

VOCABULARY

Mosque: a sacred place of worship in the Islamic faith

Hadith: the authenticated sayings of the Prophet Muhammed

Caliph: a supreme ruler under the Islamic faith Caliphate: the area of jurisdiction of Islamic rulers Principalities: small areas often ruled by princes Martyr: a person who is willing to die for his

convictions or beliefs Reconquista: the Christian reconquest of Spain

from the Muslims

CREATING A CHRISTIAN SPAIN

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (declared Christian Monarchs by the pope in Rome)

Wanted to create unity in Spain by; Unifying religions or outlaw any that

competed with the Catholic Church. Distributing economic wealth more

uniformly throughout regions Go to war to create a common enemy

RECONQUISTA

Long process Christian crusaders (European) helped

the Spanish Christian forces win territory from the Muslims.

Granada was captured on January 2, 1492.

From the Pyrenees Mountains in the north to the Rock of Gibraltar in the south, Spain was now a Christian land.

THE SPANISH INQUISITION

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella Catholic Monarchs Christian Crusaders from Europe Helped Spanish Christian forces

regain land from Muslims Took over the Spanish Inquisition

from the Church

THE SPANISH INQUISITION

State-run system of courts Church officials put non-Christian

believers on trial Convert or be exiled Some left Spain; some

pretended to convert Muslims/Jews lived in

fear

THE SPANISH INQUISITION – NEGATIVE EFFECTS

Spanish Jews/Muslims – large part of educated middle class (financiers/business people/economic)

SAVING SOULS

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella believed it was their duty of convert people to Catholicism

Supported Columbus Missionaries

GOLD AND GLORY

Key motivation for European explorers Personal Country – economic Buy the things they lacked Pay for wars (protection) Take over other territories

WEATH IN SPAIN

1492 – Spain used up its gold and silver reserves

Crusades had been expensive Read p. 208 – 209 Handout Group activities on Columbus for

remainder of week.