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CHAPTER – II
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2.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
� Basavaraj K. Nanjawade [6] et.al, 2007 had studied the response of
environmental change on developed insitu forming hydrogels which upon
administration in cul-de-sac undergoes phase transition. In the past few years,
for sustained ophthalmic drug delivery polymers like temperature, ion and pH
induced are used for insitu gel forming systems.
� Katarina Edsman [57] et.al, 1998 had studied on the rheological properties of
the polymers and their measurements in ocular residence times in humans. sol–
gel transition temperature was studied.
� Veena S. Belgamwa [123] et.al, 2009 author studied on anti-emetic drug
Dimenhydrinate and its formulation using gellan gum and carbopol 934P and its
evaluated by properties like gelation, viscosity, gel strength, mucoadhesion,
drug content, drug diffusion, ex vivo permeation and histophathological studies.
� ZAKI Noha M [136] et.al, 2007 study reveals enhancement of drug release
with use of poloxamer and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The effect of
mucoadhesive polymer with PEG decreases the gel consistency and increases
the drug release. The formulation was stable upon storage.
� Miyazaki S [108] et.al, 2001 has studied the sustained release pilocarpine
hydrochloride formulated with thermo reversible gels for ocular delivery. The
study concluded that the increase in concentration of xyloglucan increases the
miotic response.
� Lin HR [66] et.al, 2000 studied the rheological properties of pH sensitive
polymers like carbopol and temperature responsive polymers like pluronic and
combination thereof. Author concluded from his study that obtained with
mixture of carbopol and pluronic solution with 0.3% and 14% enhances the gel
strength.
� Mayol L [75] et.al, 2008 revealed the gelation properties of poloxamer on
hyaluronic acid (HA). By using specific concentration of Poloxamer/HA, it was
possible to obtain a thermo reversible gel. The hyaluronic acid does not change
the process of gelation temperature. Poloxamer rheological properties increased
due to hyaluronic acid.
� Zhidong Liu [137] 2006 studied on conventional ophthalmic solutions and
observed elimination of the drug through precorneal membrane. Hence
developed a formulation using Alginate and HPMC as gelling agent and
viscosity enhancing agent respectively.
� Samdar Cohen [102] et.al, 1997 studied that bioavailability of ophthalmic
solution can be increased by avoiding lacrimal drainage. They demonstrated
without cationic sodium alginate solution (G content) can gel in the eye.
Worked on Pilocarpine drug and extended the release of drug. The overall study
concludes that polymer with high G content can prolong the delivery of drug
system.
� Jitendra Shinde [51] et.al, 2008 had worked on prolonged residence of drug
Metoclopramide HCl formulation in nasal cavity by formulating it with
Poloxamer and sodium alginate which helped in reduced nasal mucocilliary
clearance in order to improve bioavailability.
� Kun Na [60] et.al, 1997 studied and formulated the Indomethacin delivery
system using pullulan which response to pH. Also measured the swelling
capacity of pullulan acetate at different pH.
� Yoshie Maitani [134] et.al, 1997 work presented on ocular, nasolacrimal duct
and nasal route with drug/peptide absorption and administration. A first order
absorption process is based on factors like fast absorption and retention of drug
in the blood.
� Indu Pal Kaur [42] et.al, 2002 the study reveals on combining the two
approaches like bioadhesive polymers and penetrative enhancers that would
considerably prolong the release and contact time.
� FV Manvi [71] et.al, 1997 they worked on Timolol Maleate an anti glaucoma
drug to sustained the delivery and reduce the possible side effects. Formulated
circular ocular inserts by solvent casting, using cellulose acetate as polymer.
� Jennifer J. Kang [47] et.al, 2008 had worked on proteins that were
encapsulated into hydro gels and the release was adjusted by varying degree of
cross-linker. The use of thermo sensitive polymer for phase transition and
release of drug was studied.
� Deepika Aggarwal [16] et.al, 2005 present study focused on comparison of
coated niosomal Timolol Maleate and Timolol solution in terms of IOP
lowering effect. Chitosan and Carbopol were used for coating. It was concluded
that Chitosan coated formulation was lowering the IOP (20-40%) as compared
with the Timolol solution in the contralateral eye.
� Suketu D. Desai [113] et.al, 1998 developed controlled release ocular delivery
formulation containing Pluronic F127 using Pilocarpine HCl. Additives such as
PEG4600, PVP10000, PVA 10000, MC 15cp and HPMC 80 -120cp. 25%
concentration of PF127 was effective with 3% HPMC or 5% MC gave
promising dissolution results.
� Sankar Chelladurai [104] et.al, 2008 developed a gelling system of ketorolac
tromethamine which act as non narcotic analgesic. Chitosan and pectin were
used as gelling system with optimized concentric range. They concluded the
formulation prepared was able to provide better deposition, distribution and
residency properties.
� J.Balasubramaniam [45] et.al, 2003 formulated ion activated insitu gelation
on Indomethacin as NSAID. Use of gelrite gum provides 8 hours sustained
release in the lacrimal fluid. Thus formulated system provides sustained release
of the drug coupled with less frequent administration which enhances patient
compliance.
� J.Varshosaz [44] et.al, 2008 studied to increase the low bioavailability and
short ocular residence time of ciprofloxacin eye drops, aqueous solutions of
drug in Chitosan and Pluronic were prepared to identify suitable composition
with regards to gel forming properties and drug release. The membrane less
dissolution studies were carried out and release behavior was found till 8 hours.
� Witold Musial [128] 2007 proposed the treatment on acne rosacea by
composing various acrylic acid polymers with methylcellulose and studied
release rate of Metronidazole from hydrogels. Use of excipient like Carbopol
and methylcellulose vealed an increase in viscosity.
� Armand B. Pepperman [3] et.al, 1991 observed that similar release rates of
Metribuzin obtained from various grades and types of sodium alginates. On
further trials concluded that the 1% charcoal is used for irreversible adsorption
of release of Metribuzin with less than 10%.
� A.H.El-Kamel [19] et.al, 2002 aimed to enhance ocular bioavailability with
Pluronic. The rheological properties were studied of isotonic agent on
Poloxamer was studied. Formulation containing 3% methylcellulose and low
concentration of poloxamer showed improved ocular bioavailability.
� Yanxia Cao [131] et.al, 2007 investigated cloud point method was used to
determined Low critical solution temperature. The copolymer had a LCST of
320c which is close to eye temperature according to author. The copolymer had
little cytotoxicity of PNIPAAm-CS copolymer.
� Kouji Nakamura [58] et.al, 1999 studied and investigate the pharmacokinetic
of Budesonide. The copolymer exhibit pH and mucoadhesive properties. The
fickian kinetics was showed at initial burst.
� Sandeep Kuma [103] et.al, 1995 the study was to use an aqueous solution
containing a viscosity enhancing polymer. The rheological characterization and
invitro TM release profile demonstrates suitability of the HPMC-PAA
polymeric solutions in situ gelling drug delivery system.
� Tanaji Nandgude [117] et.al, 2008 prepared nasal solution of Salbutamol
sulphate with sustained release and improved bioavailability. Sol to gel
conversion of the formulation was induced by carbopol. The rheological
properties were determined and drug release was determined. The final
formulation was optimized with specific concentration of Carbopol 934 and
HPMC showed pH induced sol-gel conversion, sustained release and higher
bioavailability.
� Yeshwant D. Sanzgiri [132] et.al, 1993 they studied on application of MP ester
of gellan to sustain MP delivery to the eye. To improve bioavailability use of
gellan gum in conventional therapy provides a simple and effective way.
� Masahiro Irie [74] 1990 developed and studied effect of artificial
photoresponsive polymeric system. Aqueous solutions of poly (N -
isopropylacrylamide) with pendant azobenzene chromophores which resulted in
photostimulated phase separation on exposure to ultraviolet light.
� KS Soppimath [59] et.al, 2002 has provided a brief article on introduction and
recent development and applications of stimulus responsive hydrogels. The
polymers particularly temperature and pH responsive were revealed.
� Rein V Ulijn [94] et.al, 2007 has highlighted on recent development and
application in bioresponsive drug delivery system used in field of diagnostics
and tissue regeneration. Bioresponsive hydrogels have significant interest in
biosensing and which shows change in properties to selective biological events.
� Indrajeet D. Gonjari [41] et.al, 200 the study concluded that a fabricated
fluconazole formulation had thermo reversible polymers and mucoadhesive
polymers to prolong residence time.
� Priya Bawa [88] et.al, 2009 had reviewed the on different drug delivery system
in stimuli sensitive polymers. This innovative delivery system has achieved
steadily momentum and better application in pharmaceutical industries.
� Jing-Ji Xuan [50] et.al, 2010 studied the rheological characterization of
thermosensitive hydrogels, gels are prepared by cold method and
pharmacokinetics was investigated after its intramuscular administration to
rabbit.
� Wen-Di Ma [126] et.al, 2008 investigated the rheological properties and invitro
release of pluronic copolymer gel. The decreased drug release rate indicated by
molar ratio of acrylic acid/pluronic and their co polymeric solution
concentration which increase has depicted in rheogram and invitro studies.
� David S Jones [14] et.al, 2009 developed and evaluated formulation
comprising of different ratio of poloxamer and poly (acrylic acid). The physic-
chemical properties for the formulation were evaluated for binary polymeric
system.
� Hongyi Qt [27] et.al, 2006 developed an ophthalmic gel containing puerarin.
The prepared polymeric solution is a free flowing liquid below the room
temperature and shift to a gel upon exposure. The formulation was also
investigated for influence of the other ingredients on the physiological
properties.
� C S Satish [11] et.al, 2009 had reviewed on present investigation in hydrogels.
Its various methods of preparation of hydrogels, cross linking methods used in
the hydrogels preparation, the mechanism of water transport through the ionic
hydrogels, and the solute release mechanism from the hydrogels.
� Wei Wua [125] et.al, 2011 had studied a series of pH sensitive polymeric drug
delivery system. The polymeric network was structured by poly (vinyl alcohol)
PVA and 21-arm star poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] with different
molecular weight. Model drug riboflavin was used to evaluate the drug loading
capacities and drug release behaviors.
� Themis R. Kyriakides [118] et.al, 2002 had studied release behavior of drugs
from the acidic endosomal compartment to the cytoplasm through pH sensitive
membrane. Based on further investigation on hemolysis studies they found that
polymer particularly, poly (propylacrylic acid) (PPAA) is effective below pH6.5
for membrane disruption.
� Debashish Roy [15] et.al, 2010 had reviewed polymers which trigger with
sensitivity. A nanocomposite of cellulose nanofibers was embedded in a rubbery
ethylene oxide-epichlorohydrin copolymer was prepared to mimic the sea
cucumber dermis known to be composed of rigid collagen fibrils embedded
within a viscoelastic glycoprotein matrix.
� Sumit Chhabra [114] et.al, 2007 developed formulations from polymer with
carboxylic acid groups containing ester end groups showed release (4%).
However, formulations consisting of polymer with carboxylic acid end groups
incorporated with lysozyme showed faster release rate.
� Saurabh Gupta [106] et.al, 2010 studied the influence of poloxamer 407 by
manufacturing and stabilizing the Forskolin nanocrystals. The particle size of
nanocrystals was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic
light scattering.
� Daniel Wandera [12] et.al, 2010 review provides an understanding of stimuli
sensitive membranes. They examined significant importance and rapidly
developing field of stimuli responsive membrane. The bioresponsive can be
controlled by membrane material structured, factors and external stimuli like
pH, temperature and light.
� Majeti N.V. [68] et.al, 2000 the purpose of this review is to focus on chitin and
chitosan applications to solve numerous problems in environmental and
biomedical engineering.
� Jianwei Liu [49] et.al, 2010 hydrogels were prepared using UV and visible
light initiating photo polymerization technology. Studies were conducted on
swelling properties o both hydrogels and the behavior of ribavirin was also
determined on it. It was concluded that fabrica tion of photo responsive
hydrogels provide a novel path to design medical materials.
� Martien A. Cohen Stuart [73] et.al, 2010 article focuses on stimuli-responsive
conformation and chemical changes macromolecular nanostructures. The
changes is derived by temperature, change in chemical composition and
mechanical forces applied. Finally, challenges in theory and modeling of these
complex systems and future prospective are examined.
� Shimoboji [121] et.al, 2002 studied the polymeric chain coil to study photo
induced changes in the size and hydration.
� Nirmal H.B. [82] et.al, 2010 review discuss on formulation and development
different strategies for insitu drug delivery. The study reveals factors like
physiochemical and formulation factors affect the insitu gelling. Formulation
discussed on characteristics of polymeric systems.
� N.A. Peppas [80] et.al, 2000 reviewed on recent development of novel
pharmaceuticals which finds applications in biomedical carriers. A key role in
their diffusional behavior is played by network structure of components.
� Murat Sen [79] et.al, 2000 prepared hydrogels by direct adsorption method
using different polymer ratios with anti fungal drugs. The effect of gel matrix
was studied by influence of gel on Terbinafine. The hydrogels containing
factors like pH and MA content affects the drug release.
� Fiore Pasquale Nicoletta [23] et.al, 2012 briefly reports the progress of light-
driven materials and membranes. Discussed on light responsive polymer
membrane used in biotechnology, chemistry and biology areas.
� Jason A. Burdick [55] et.al, 2010 revealed on biomaterials in the field of light
responsive polymers. The light-responsive biomaterials upon exposure to light
undergoes chemical change in polymeric network which was used in
investigation multi-component surface patterning for advanced cell assays and
macromolecular assemblies for drug delivery.
� Joseph Kost [54] et.al, 2001 discussed on controlled drug delivery systems
used under responsive polymers. Thus adjusting the drug release rate as per
physiological need.
� Hana Krakovicova [29] et.al, 2009 studied new type of conjugates which
were synthesis using HPMA copolymers as drug carriers. Combination of two
drugs anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drug or a combination of two anti-
cancer drugs, DOX and DEX were studied.
� Dirk Schmaljohann [17] 2006 reviewed on advances in stimuli sensitive
polymeric drug delivery systems. Multiple responses at the desired point of
action were studied.
� Soo-Chang Song [119] et.al, 2011 Investigated temperature sensitive hydrogels
after linking with photo sensitive polymer to improve mechanical properties. In
vitro and in vivo degradation rates of thermosensitive and photo -cross-linkable
poly (organophosphazenes) containing various amounts of isoleucine ethyl
ester, AMPEG550, AMPEG750, aminoethyl methacrylate and depsipeptide was
studied.
� Lalit kumar [62] et.al, 2011 study states that to reduce administration
frequency of dosing, prolong action of drug effect of insitu gel is provided by
sol- gel transition. Improved ocular bioavailability is obtained due to duration of
contact with corneal tissue.
� Anil K. Anal [1], 2007 article described in details on pulsed or triggered release
drug delivery systems of bioactive compounds due to certain external stimuli. A
new approach for medical and pharmaceutical scientists has developed on
triggered by thermally, electrically and magnetically induced release.
� M.R.Aguilar [78] et.al, 2007 article presented on bio responsive polymers like
temperature, pH and ion sensitive polymers. Author also revealed on recent
applications of these polymers in drug delivery.
� M.B. Brown [100] et.al, 2002 developed gentamicin formulation by solvent
evaporation method. When compared with IV the gentamicin has poor
bioavailability when administered through nasal route as in solution and dry
powder. To obtain a high bioavailability and prolonged release of a drug
combination of HA and CH was used intranasally.
� Erik Bechgaard [56] et.al, 2002 the present study estimated the diazepam in
sheep nasal and to correlate this to earlier results in rabbits and humans.
Additional, to compare the absorption at various initial periods in the two
animal models and man, due to the importance of early absorption in emergency
treatment.
� Miqin Zhang [81] et.al, 2010 review reveals the unique cationic properties of
chitosan in hydrogels and degradation and mechanisms pattern in the body.
� Doo Sung Lee [8] et.al, 2008 study presents discussed on block copolymer
hydrogels that shows respond to temperature, pH or both st imuli and also
focused on modified thermosensitive block copolymers.
� Kabra [7] et.al, 1997 the invention is directed towards non-toxic, non-irritating
drug delivery vehicles. Upon instillation in the eye, thicken to form a gel
whereby the residence or contact time of the delivered drugs with ocular tissue
is increased.
� Rajan Bawa [92] et.al, 2001 the invention is directed towards ophthalmic
compositions which show sol-gel transition upon administration. The
compositions of the present contain xanthan gum. Xanthan gum gels upon
contact with eye due to interaction with lysozyme component of tear fluid. The
strength of the gel formed by xanthan gum upon contact with lysozyme is
dependent upon both pyruvate and acetate content of xanthan gum.
� Evangelos Manias [21] et.al, 2005 the invention relates to development and
optimization of temperature responsive polymers. Temperature sensitive
polymers which have applicability to drug delivery in cell adhesion control and
microflow control such as in micro-fluidic devices.
� Anna Gutowska [2], 2005 the invention discussed on linear random copolymer
of an [meth-] acrylamide derivative and a hydrophilic comonomer having a
thermally reversible gel or gelling copolymer. The linear chains having a
plurality of molecular weight cut off and a therapeutic agent.
� James L. Brown [46] et.al, 2006 the invention focuses on process for
manufacturing temperature sensitive polymers utilizing a heat transfer fluid
comprising hydrocarbon fluid selected form aliphatic hydrocarbons, alicyclic
hydrocarbons, aliphatic-or alicyclic-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons or
mixture. The hydrocarbon fluid having a boiling point form 220 0C to 255 0C
and a melting point less than 40 0C thus temperature sensitive polymers are
produced.
� Wilhelmus Everardus Hennink [127] et.al, 2008 the invention relates to
change in solubility characteristics of formulation comprising poly (N-(2-
hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide mono/di-lactate) interpolymer by incubation.
Change in water solubility characteristics of the polymer is modified in presence
of hydrolysable groups by modification effected by incubation process.
� Yuichi Mori [135] et.al, 1991 the invention relates to drug carrier provides a
temperature sensitive polymer chemically bonded to a drug. The drug carrier is
capable of releasing a drug continuously in the body. The drug carrier is a liquid
when administered and becomes solid in the body in which states it is capable
of releasing a drug continuously. The drug carrier has a lower LCST than
human body temperature.
� Tomiharu Hosaka [120] et.al, 1986 the temperature sensitive polymer
composition accordingly to the invention comprises a polyamide matrix
dispersing a mixture of a phenolic compound which has an alkyl group having
from 11 to 36 carbon atoms and a polycondensate of a phenolic compound and
an aldehyde. The mixture is generally present in the composition in an amount
of from 5 to30 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polyamide matrix.
The mixing ratio of the phenolic compound having along chain alkyl group to
the polycondensate is in range of 1:5 to 5:1. In short the present invention is
characterized by the combination of the long chain alkyl group - bearing
phenolic compound and the polycondensate by which miscibility between the
phenolic compound and polyamide resins is improved by the action of
polycondensate, which is readily miscible with phenolic compound.
2.1 DRUG AND EXCIPIENT PROFILE
2.1.1 TIMOLOL MALEATE [130, 129]
Rationale for drug selection: Timolol Maleate is used for glaucoma therapy and
popularly given by sterile drops, Timolol Maleate tablets also proved their
ability in this selection. The drawback of the system is hepatic metabolism and
hence total bioavailability was found to be absent prepared drops showed their
ability by passing the metabolism and providing prolonger release. Using kind
of system will lead to decrease in administration dose and time intervals.
Name: Timolol Maleate
Chemical name: (-)-l-(tert-butylamino)-3- [(4-morpholino-l, 2, 5-thiadiazol-3-
yl)oxy]-2-propanol maleate (1:1) (salt).
Chemical structure:
Molecular formula: C13H24N4O3S•C4H4O4
Molecular weight: 432.50
pH: between 3.8 and 4.3 in a solution containing 20 mg/ml.
2.1.2 POLOXAMER [93, 86, 122]
Pluronic undergoes sol to gel transitions and the resulting gel shows an
enhancement of the residence time in both nasal and ophthalmic cavity.
Gelation of concentration of pluronic is well documented phenomenon liquid
crystalline micellar phase [96].
Non proprietary name: Poloxamer BP, Poloxamer USP/NF, Poloxamera PhEur.
Synonyms: Lutrol, Pluronic, Supronic
Chemical structure:
Category: Gelling agent, dispersing agent.
Molecular weight: 131.57
Congealing point: 510C
Melting point: 53-570C
Solubility: Freely soluble in ethanol, propanol and water.
Description: Poloxamer generally occurs as white, free flowing prilled granules
or as cast solids. They are practically odourless and tasteless.
2.1.3 CARBOPOL [37, 93]
Rationale for selection of carbopol: Carbopol was used as pH responsive
polymer in the formulation. The pH of tear fluid is 7.4; hence sol gel transition
can be expected in this case.
Non proprietary name: Carbomers, Carbomera, carbome
Synonyms: Acritamer, Acylic acid Carbopol, Carboxy polymethylene,
polyacrylic acid, pemulen.
Functional category: bio adhesive, emulsifying agent, release modifier agent
viscosity increasing agent.
Glass transition temperature: 100-1050C
Specific gravity: 1.41
Particle size: 0.2um in diameter, the flocculated powder particle average 2 -7 um
in diameter and cannot be broken down into the primary particles.
Use in concentration:
Use Concentration (%) Gelling agent 0.5-2.0 Emulsifying agent 0.1-0.5
The molecular weight o carbomer resins are theoretically estimated at 7*10 5 to
4*109. Estimated Mc values of 237600 g/mol for carbopol 941 and
104400g/mol for carbopol 940.
2.1.4 CHITOSAN [67, 91, 93]
Rationale for selection for chitosan: chitosan is polysaccharide with positive
charged linear polymers.
Studies demonstrated that a novel thermo sensitive PNIPAAm-CS may have
positive utilization in the efficacy, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of
water soluble drugs meant for delivery in to eye such as timolol maleate.
Non proprietary formula: B.P. chitosan hydrochloride, Ph.Eur. chitosani
hydrochloridum.
chitosan is not one chemical entity but varies in composition depending on the
manufacturer. The degree of deacetylation is necessary to obtained a soluble
product must be greater than 80 -85%. Chitosan is commercially available in
several types and grades that vary in molecular weight by 10,000 – 10,00,000
and vary in deacetylation and viscosity.
Category: coating agent, disintegrant film forming agent, mucoadhesive
polymers, viscosity increasing agent.
Description: chitosan occurs as odor less a white or creamy-white powder
flakes. Fiber formation is quite common during precipitation and the chitosan
may look cotton like.
Density: 1.35-1.40 g/cm3
Solubility: practically insoluble organic solvent and neutral or alkalis solution
pH above 6.5. Chitosan dissolves in readily in dilute and concentrated amine
group of the polymers becomes protonated, resulting in a positive charge
polysaccharides. Solubility is also affected by addition of salts in solution. The
result of a salting out, which lead to precipitation of chitosan in solution. When
chitosan is in solution the repulsion between the deacetylated units and their
neighboring glucosamine units cause it to exist in an extended conformation.
2.1.5 XANTHAN GUM [39, 83, 93]
Non properitery name: Xanthangum xanthani gummi,
Synonyms: keltrol, xantural, vanzan
Chemical name: xanthan gum
Molecular weight: 2 x 106
Structural formula: The polymer backbone consist of four β-D-glucose units
linked at the 1 and 4 position and is therefore identical in structure to cellulose.
Trisaccharides side chains on alternating anhydroglucose units distinguish
xanthan gum cellulose.
Description: white color odorless powder.
Specific gravity: 1.600 at 250C.
2.1.6 SODIUM ALGINATE [93]
Rationale for selection of sodium alginate: Sodium alginate was used as ion
responsive polymer in the formulation. Since human eye tear fluid contains
calcium ion in case of glaucoma diseases. Thus with the help of calcium ion
phase transition can be expected.
Non proprietary name: Sodium alginate, Natrii Alginas
Synonyms: Algin, alginic acid, Protonal
Chemical name: Sodium alginate
Description: sodium alginate occurs as an odorless and tasteless, white to pale
yellowish-brown colored powder.
Solubility: Practically insoluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform and aqueous
solutions in which the pH is less than 3.
Use of sodium alginate:
Use Concentration (%) Creams 5-10
Stabilizers 1-3 Suspending agent 1-5
2.1.7 CARRAGEENAN GUM [31, 93]
Non properitary name: Carrageenan
Synonyms: chondrus extract, gelcarin, Hygum, irish moss extract, viscarin.
Functional category: emulsifying agent, gel base, stabilizing agent suspending
agent sustained release tablet, viscosity increasing agent.
Description: Carrageenan when extracted from the appropriate seaweed source
is a yellow brown to white coarse to fine powder. Solubility carrageenan is a
stable through hygroscopic, polysaccharide and should be store in a cool dry
place.
Application in pharmaceutical: carrageenan is used variety of non parental
dosage form including emulsion, gel, cream, eye drop, nasal drops and tablets.
Carrageenan gum generally used at ratio of 0.7% level w/w or less and provides
viscosity to liquid.
2.1.8 GUAR GUM [29, 34, 36, 93]
Solubility: Insoluble in ethanol.
Structural formula:
2.1.9 HYPROM
Non proprietary
Synonyms: meth
Functional categ
Coating agent,
binder, viscosity
Acidity / Alkali n
Specific gravity:
Incompatibilities
.since it is nonio
oraganics to form
2.1.10 DIMETH
Molecular Form
Average mass: 99
Flash Point: 71 0
Density: 0.962 g
Molecular struct
M ELLOSE [93]
names: Hypromellose, Hydroxypropylmethyl c
hocel, methylcellulose, propylene glycolether.
gory: Pharmaceutical excipients.
film former, rate controlling agent, stabilizin
y increasing agent, chars at 225-230 0C.
nity: pH = 5.5-8.0 for a 1% w/w aqueous solutio
: 1.26.
s: Hypromellose is incompatible with some o
onic, Hypromellose will not Complex with meta
m insoluble precipitates.
HYL ACRYLAMIDE [30]
mula: C5H9NO
99.131104 Dalton
0C (161F)
g/mL
ture:
cellulose
ng agent, tablet
on.
oxidizing agents
allic salts or ionic
2.1.11 BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE [32, 93]
Molecular formula: [C6H5CH2N (CH3)2R] Cl
Molecular weight: 360
Category: antimicrobial preservative disinfectant, solubilizer, wetting agent.
Description: occurs as a white or yellows powder or thick gel flakes.
Hygroscopic soapy to touch and bitter in taste.
Functional category: Antimicrobial, preservative, antiseptic, disinfectant,
solubilizer, wetting agent.
Minimum inhibitory concentration of BKC:
Micro organism
MIC (µg/ml)
Clostridium hisolyticum 5 Clostridium oedematiens 5 Clostridium tetani 5 Escherichia coli 16 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 30 Salmonella paratyphi 16 Vibrio cholera 2