January 31, 2011

Chemistry of Life

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins

NucleicAcids

Biologically Important Macromolecules

January 31, 2011

PolymersPolymers are large molecules of repeating sub units (building blocks)

IndividualBuilding Blocks...

...can be assembled into polymers:

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids are all POLYMERS

Polymers con't

1 H2O

Joining 2 subunits requires theremoval of water and is called:

DEHYDRATIONSYNTHESIS

1 H2O

Breaking that bond requires the addition of water and is called:

HYDROLYSIS(hydra = water, lysis = burst / break)

January 31, 2011

Carbohydrates

Purpose: Fuel / Energy for the body's metabolism

Elements: C, H, and O - individual sugars (C6H12O6) can be joined together

Types: Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

C6H12O6

Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose (these are called isomers because they have the same chemical formula but different shape)

Ex. blood sugar

Joined by dehydration synthesis

Ex: matlose, lactose, sucrose

Starch (for energy storage): Animals: Glycogen Plants: Amylose

Cellulose: Makes up plant cell walls

& is not digestable

Carb IntroVideo

Dehydration Synthesis

Polymers of carbs, proteins, or lipids can be made by joining several subunits together

OH H

O HH

+=

January 31, 2011

Work on Carbohydrate Questions (worksheet)

Review Carbohydrate Questions (worksheet)

· What is the difference between simple carbohydrates & complex carbohydrates?

· Why are complex carbohydrates better for you?

Benedicts and Lugol Demo

GlucoseSong

January 31, 2011

1 Which of the following elements make up carbohydrates? Select all that apply.

A Nitrogen

B CarbonC Oxygen

D Phosphorous

E Hydrogen

F Sulfur

G Potassium

H Sodium

2 Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in what ratio respectively?

___:___:___

January 31, 2011

3 An isomer is a molecule that has the same chemical formula, but different physical arrangement. Which of the following is an isomer of glucose (C6H12O6)?

A Glycogen

B Fructose

C Cellulose

D Amylose

4 Both plants and animals store carbs for future energy needs. Plants usually store these carbohydrates as ___________ and animals store these carbohydrates as ___________.

A cellulose, amylose

B cellulose, glycogen

C glycogen, amylose

D amylose, glycogen

January 31, 2011

5 How many hydrogen atoms are there in a molecule of sucrose?

· Identify three different types of carbohydrates are found in an orange. For each, describe it's purpose / function in the orange.

January 31, 2011

Review OrangeHomework

Proteins- Made from building blocks called amino acids:

(sample of 5amino acids)

They have the same elements as carbohydrates with the addition of NITROGEN

January 31, 2011

Proteins- Human proteins are made from 20 different amino acids

- Depending on the order & number of amino acids, the protein takes on a different shape.

- The shape of a protein determines it's function

- Changing the protein's environment (temperature, pH, UV exposure) can cause it to denature or coagulate (change shape)

- Proteins can versatile and can be structural or be used for enzymes, hormones, transport, movement, identification, and even energy!

ProteinVideo

Important Proteins

Hemoglobin Membrane Proteins

Catalase Photosynthesis Proteins

January 31, 2011

Protein of theMonth

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/motm.do?sortBy=date#motm

Work on Polymer Worksheet & Protein Crossword

January 31, 2011

Review Polymer Worksheet & Protein Crossword

Lipids

Purpose: Energy Storage, Hormones, Protection, Transport

- Lipids are composed primarily of C, H, and O

LipidVideo

January 31, 2011

Fats / Triglycerides Sterols / Steroids

Waxes

Phospholipids

- ex. cholesterol- ex. hormones like estrogen, testosterone,

aldosterone

ex. ear wax, wax on bird wings, pineneedles

- make up cell membranes- similar to triglycerides except one of the fatty acids is replaced with a phosphate- non-polar (doesn't mix with water)

- Made of one glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains- Fatty acid chains can be either saturated or unsaturated.

Saturated: More hydrogen, all single bondsUnsaturated: less hydrogen, some double bonds

Saturated, Unsaturated, and Trans Fats

Saturated: More hydrogen, all single bondsSolid at room temperatureAnimal fats like butter, bacon fat etcHarder to digest

Unsaturated: less hydrogen, some double bondsLiquid at room temperatureEx. Plant oils (canola, olive, vegetable etc)Easier to digest

January 31, 2011

Lipid vs. Carb Energy Demo

Triglyceride

cell membrane made of phospholpids

Why are cell membranes made of lipids? What advantage does the cell have by using lipids instead of proteins or carbohydrates?

Hints: Lipids are non-polar

What is the primary component of cell cytoplasm?

January 31, 2011

Lipid Practice Questions:

p.216 #1-5

Review Lipid Practice Questions:

p.216 #1-5

January 31, 2011

6 Which of the following rows is matched correctly?

A B C D

Saturated Fats Easy High

Type of Fat Ease of Digestion Risk of contributing to heart disease

Saturated Fats Difficult Low

Unsaturated Fats Difficult High

Unsaturated Fats Easy Low

7 True of False, the following picture depicts a saturated fat.

True False