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TEST #3 NotesCivil War and Reconstruction
VUS.6-7
Economic and Political Differences of the North and SouthNorthern economy was based on the developing
industry The north supported tariffs to protect their growing
industryThe dominant economic and social class comprised :
merchants manufacturers bankers, and professionals
Southern economy was based on plantation farming and slave labor—cottonThe agricultural south opposed tariffs that raised the
prices on imports
Debate over the extension of slaveryBefore the Civil War, a debate existed on
whether or not slavery should extend westward or stay isolated in the south
The Northwest Ordinance (1781) helped slavery extend westward—new states below the Ohio River could become slave states
The demand for cotton solidified the need for slavery to keep up with the demand for cottonWhitney’s cotton gin had made cotton cheapIndustrial revolution was churning out lots of
cotton textiles
Debate over States’ RightsAnother debate looming over the nation on
the eve of the Civil War was the rights belonging to the statesMany states still wanted to have more power
over federal decisionsMany states disliked the power of the federal
governmentThese debates will eventually come to a head
in South Carolina in the 1830s—the Nullification of South Carolina
Nullification of South CarolinaControversy over states’ rights1820s : Pres. Jackson came up with tariffs on all foreign
goodsThe tariffs were designed to protect America’s fledgling
industryThe South did not like the tariffs because the south relied
heavily on imported goodsJohn C. Calhoun—a southern complainer who believed
in old idea set forth in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798)An idea that stated that states do not have to follow
federal law if the states believed the federal government was exceeding its powers under the Constitution
Nullification of South Carolina1832: Congress passed another series of high tariffs on
European goodsPoliticians in South Carolina became very upsetThe South Carolinian politicians nullified the tariffs
They refused to follow the federal law saying the state had to pay the tariffs
South Carolina also threatened to secede (leave the Union) if they were forced to pay
Dec. 1832: Pres. Jackson was ready to send federal troops into South Carolina to force South Carolina to payWar was avoided when Henry Clay made a compromise between
South Carolina and the JacksonMany southern states still believed they had the right to leave
the Union if the federal government forced states to follow laws the states did not believe in
AbolitionismMany in the US saw slavery as cruel and wanted it
to end—AbolitionistsAbolitionists wanted to completely end slavery in the
United StatesMost abolitionists were in favor of a slow
emancipation so as not to hurt the southern economy
Some others were calling for immediate abolishment of slavery, regardless of the impact on southern agriculture
Many people—both black, white, male, and female became spokespersons for the ending of slavery
AbolitionismWilliam Lloyd GarrisonHe led the Northerners in their movement to end slavery
in the SouthSpoke against slavery in his newspaper The LiberatorHe viewed slavery as a violation of Christian principles He criticized the Constitution because it allowed slaveryHe wanted an immediate end to slaveryHis supporters formed the American Anti-Slavery SocietySoutherners grew alarmed by the growing Anti-Slavery
movement in the north
William Garrison
AbolitionismHarriet Beecher StoweConnecticut woman who wrote Uncle Tom’s
CabinThe book was widely read by people in the
North and SouthThe book looked at the legal, social, and
religious arguments of what many abolitionists were saying
AbolitionismSlave revolts in Virginia, led by Nat Turner and Gabriel Prosser
fed white southerners’ fears about slave rebellionsNat Turner—a preacher and slave—led a slave rebellion in
Southampton County, VA His revolt killed 60 whites The revolt was put down, Turner was arrested and executed Many believed Turner’s revolt was created by abolitionist propaganda
Gabriel Prosser was a slave who planned to lead a large revolt in Richmond, VA His plans were leaked, and the revolt never occurred He was hanged
The revolts also led to harsh laws in the South against fugitive slaves
Southerners who favored abolition were intimidated into silence
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
AbolitionismFrederick Douglass:Douglass was a former slave—he escaped
when he was 21 years oldHe became a prominent voice for abolitionDuring the Civil War, Douglass urged
President Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight in the Union Army
Frederick Douglass
AbolitionismUnderground RailroadA group of people looking to end slaveryA network of people who helped escaped
slaves on their way to freedom to the North and Canada
The network helped to hide slaves so they could continue their journey northward
Many Underground Railroad members were freed slaves
Dred Scott CaseIn March of 1857, the United States Supreme
Court declared that all blacks -- slaves as well as free -- were not and could never become citizens of the United States
Fugitive Slave Act – required slaves who escaped to free states to be forcibly returned to their owners in the South
Dred Scott
Extension of SlaveryAs people moved into the new territories,
many people wanted to create new statesThe question arose on whether these new
states could be free or slaveA series of compromises—and debates—will
erupt on how to settle the arguement
Extension of Slavery1.) Missouri Compromise:Before 1818, there was an equal number of free and slave states
There was equal representation in the Senate (2 for each state)1818: Missouri petitioned to become a slave state
Missouri’s entering as a slave state would throw off the balance of power in the Senate in favor of the slave states
Slave states would have 2 extra SenatorsNortherners were concerned about losing power in the Senate
Northerners told Missouri that they could only enter as a free state This demand by Northerners made Southerners really angry
Eventually a compromise was made: Missouri would enter as a slave state Maine—formerly Northern Massachusetts—would enter as a free state A line was drawn at 36⁰30’ latitude Territories north of the line could become free states Territories south of the line could become slave states More land was giving to the north than to the south
Map of Missouri Compromise
Extension of Slavery2.) Compromise of 1850:By 1850—a balance once again existed between free
and slave states (15 free and 15 slave)California wanted to enter as a free state
This would shift the balance of power in favor of the free states in the Senate (they would have 2 extra senators)
A compromise was created:A.) California would become a free stateB.) the territorial governments in Utah and New
Mexico would let the people decide on the issue of slavery (popular sovereignty)
C.) The slave trade was prohibited in Washington D. C.D.) A new fugitive slave law—allowed federal marshals
to assist slaveholders in capturing runaway slaves
Extension of Slavery3.) Kansas-Nebraska Act:1854: the Kansas-Nebraska Act saw debate in CongressThe bill was pushed through Congress by Stephen
Douglas of IllinoisDouglas wanted to see the territory west of Missouri and
Iowa open for settlementHe wanted the people in the new territory to be able to
decide the issue of slavery for themselves—popular sovereignty
1854: The K-N Act passed, but with lots of debateA.) the Nebraska territory was divided into 2 separate
territories—Kansas and NebraskaB.) repealed the prohibition of slavery north of the
Missouri Compromise line(36⁰30’)—this would allow slavery to spread further to the North
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Extension of Slavery4.) Formation of the Republican Party:Many anti-slavery politicians did not like the
Kansas-Nebraska Act because of its disregard for the Missouri Compromise
1854: These politicians broke away and formed the Republican PartyThe Republican Party favored Northern Interests
Problems surrounding the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Republican Party will come to a boil in Kansas
The Republican party wanted the area in the North to be Free Soil
Extension of Slavery5.) Bloody Kansas--John Brown(in Kansas
and VA):Pro and anti-slavery forces went to war with
each other in Kansas in 1854The root of the problem was whether Kansas
should enter as a free state or slave stateIn 1855, John Brown came to Kansas to help fight
slaveryIn 1859, John Brown led 21 men on an attack of
the federal arsenal @ Harpers Ferry, VABrown was trying to create a slave rebellion
He was unsuccessful in his attempt, but the south was afraid of future slave uprisings
Tragic Prelude by John Steuart Curry, illustrating John Brown and the clash of forces in Bleeding Kansas
Extension of Slavery6.) Lincoln-Douglas Debates1858: Abraham Lincoln was running against Stephen
Douglas for an Illinois Senate SeatDouglas (Democrat) believed in popular sovereignty—let
the people decide the issue of slaveryLincoln (Republican) opposed the spread of slavery into
new states—keep slavery where it is and do not let it spread Lincoln did not want slavery to extend into the new territories Lincoln warned, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.”
The nation could not continue half-free, half-slave. The issue must be resolved.
Douglas won the Senate seat by a narrow margin over Lincoln
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Women’s Suffrage MovementWhile the ideas of abolitionism grew, so did the
movement to give women equal rightsSeneca Falls Declaration
Modeled after the Declaration of IndependenceCalled for more equality of women in the US
Elizabeth Cady StantonPrinciple author of the Seneca Falls Declaration An abolitionistsCalled for more equality for women
Susan B. AnthonyShe pushed for women’s suffrage in the United States
both before and after the Civil War
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
Causes of the American Civil WarSectional disagreements and debates over tariffs,
extension of slavery into the territories, and the nature of the Union (states’ rights)
Northern abolitionists versus Southern defenders of slavery
United States Supreme Court decision in the Dred Scott case
Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe
Ineffective presidential leadership in the 1850sA series of failed compromises over the expansion of
slavery in the territories
Secession of the SouthSeveral factors contributed to many southern states
seceding from the Union1.) Election of 1860:
The presidential election in 1860 was the catalyst for southern secession
Abraham Lincoln was elected president with only 40% of the popular vote
Many in the south did not want Lincoln (Republican) because he had the same ideas as many in the North
After the election, South Carolina secededOther states soon followed—Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, TexasThese seceded states formed their own nation—the
Confederacy
Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln in 1860
Secession of the South2.) Fort Sumter:The opening confrontation of the Civil WarThe fort was located in Charlestown, SCThe Confederacy wanted the fort to drive
Union troops out of the SouthVirginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and
Tennessee seceded and joined the ConfederacyThe bloody Civil War had officially began
Union Advantages1.) More resources
More $ to finance the war effort2.) More industry
Most factories were in the north These factories could produce what the union needed
Uniforms, weapons, shoes, ammunition, etc. Most rail lines were located in the north
3.) Larger population North—22 million South—9 million
4.) Union was able to keep many border states from seceding5.) Union had the support of many in the South who were against
secession Many in SW Virginia, Eastern Tennessee, and Western NC did not
support secession
Confederate Advantages1.) Generals were better trained
Many had fought against Mexico in the Mexican-American War
Gained leadership and military experience2.) Soldiers were more experienced with
horses, guns, and the terrainMost were farmers with their own horses and
gunsMost of the fighting occurred in the south
3.) Soldiers were defending their homes and land
Key Leaders and their rolesAbraham Lincoln:
President of the United States during the Civil War, who insisted that the Union be held together, by force if necessary
Jefferson Davis: U.S. senator who became president of the Confederate States of
AmericaUlysses S. Grant:
Union military commander, who won victories over the South after several other Union commanders had failed
Robert E. Lee: Confederate general of the Army of Northern Virginia (Lee opposed
secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force), who urged Southerners to accept defeat and unite as Americans again, when some Southerners wanted to fight on after Appomattox
Frederick Douglass: Former enslaved African American who became a prominent
abolitionist and who urged Lincoln to recruit former enslaved African Americans to fight in the Union army
Jefferson Davis Ulysses S. Grant
Robert E. Lee
Major Events of the Civil War1.) Battle of Antietam—Emancipation Proclamation:The Confederacy lost the battle @ AntietamSept. 22, 1862: Pres. Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation after the battle @ AntietamThe document freed slaves located in the “rebelling” states
(Confederate states)The document made the abolition of slavery a Northern war
aimIt also was issued to discourage any interference of foreign
governments in the Civil WarThe document also allowed for the enlistment of African
American soldiers into the Union ArmyEmancipation Proclamation
Major Events of the Civil War2.) Gettysburg :Confederate General Robert E. Lee attempt to attack
the North at GettysburgLee’s advance into Pennsylvania was unsuccessfulThe Confederate Army was forced to retreat back to
the SouthThe battle had the highest number of casualties of any
battleThe Confederate Army lost roughly 28,000 men
This battle has been called the Turning Point of the warFrom this battle on, the South was on the run and
retreating from the Union Army
Major Events of the Civil War3.) Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address:Lincoln gave the speech at the cemetery for those who
had died in the Battle of Gettysburg on Nov. 19, 1863Lincoln described the Civil War as a struggle to
preserve a nation that was dedicated to the proposition that “all men are created equal” and that was ruled by a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.”
Lincoln believed America was “one nation,” not a collection of sovereign statesSoutherners believed that states had freely joined the
Union and could freely leave.
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4bM9geY0do
Major Events of the Civil War4.) Appomattox:Battle where the Civil War ended in 1865The Confederacy (army of N. VA led by Lee)
surrendered to Grant (Union)The Union (North) had won the war
The surrender occurred at Appomattox Court HouseGrant structured the treaty settlements as not to be
too harsh on the ConfederacySouthern soldiers could go home if they pledged to
fight no moreSouthern officers could keep their pistols (a sign of
rank) and the men could keep their horses
Economic Impact of the Civil War1.) NorthExperience economic prosperityDeveloped strong economies based on
industryThis industrial growth laid the foundation for
the US become a strong industrial nation in the 20th Century
The North also began to expand westward with the help of new railroads—Transcontinental Railroad
Economic Impact of the Civil War2.) SouthThe economy of the South suffered greatly after
the warFarms, railroads, and factories had been destroyedConfederate money was worthlessMany towns and cities had been destroyed
With the outlawing of slavery, not enough labor existed to continue large scale cotton production
The south would remain agriculturalThe south would be the poorest section of the
nation for many decades after the war
The War’s effect on people1.) African Americans
The Emancipation Proclamation will allow for the enlistment into the Union Army
After the war, former slaves will gain their freedom Many former slaves will move into Union territories
2.) Common Soldiers Wrote many letters and diaries illustrating the horrors of war After the war, many southern soldiers returned home to find
destroyed homes and farms Many soldiers on both sides had to live with disabilities—physical
scars (loss of limbs, etc.) and mental scars3.) Women
Managed homes and families with few resources during the war Women were often faced with poverty and hunger Forced to assume new roles in agriculture, nursing, and industries
ReconstructionAfter the Civil War ended, the question
loomed over what to do with the SouthMany Northerners began to develop plans for
reconstructing the South
ReconstructionLincoln’s Plan:Lincoln believed that secession was illegal
Since it was illegal, Lincoln believed the Confederate states had never really left the Union
“with malice towards none, with charity for all……to bind up the nation’s wounds”Lincoln believed the federal government should
NOT punish the southUnfortunately, Lincoln will never see if his plan will
be put into placeHe is assassinated just a few days after Lee’s
surrender at Appomattox
Lincoln near the end of the War
ReconstructionAndrew Johnson’s ActionsJohnson became President after Lincoln’s assassinationMany expected Johnson to be harsh on the SouthInstead, he took on a plan very similar to Lincoln’s
Johnson made the Radical Republicans very angry by following a plan like Lincoln’s
Johnson wanted to re-establish relations with the Confederacy
1865: he issued the Reconstruction ProclamationPardoned all Confederate states if they signed an oath of
loyalty to the UnionBy Dec. 1865, all Confederate States—except Texas—had
met Johnson’s requirementsThese states would also get representation in Congress
President Andrew Johnson
ReconstructionRadical Republican PlanThey were developing reconstruction plans in the
early 1860sWanted a plan to be more punitive (punishing) to the
southThe states that seceded were not allowed back into
the Union immediatelyPut the South under military occupation (martial law)
Divided the South into 5 military districts, each under command of a general
Believed in giving voting rights and other civil rights to African Americans in the south
ReconstructionWhen Congress reconvened in Dec. 1865 (dominated
by Radical Republicans), they would not allow the representative from the former Confederate states to take their seats
Congress passed the Reconstruction ActsThese laws reversed much of what Johnson had done
with his reconstruction planDivided the south into 5 military districts
Each district was occupied by federal troops
Leadership of the south was in the hands of Congress
Many northerners saw military presence in the south as necessary to make social and political changes
Reconstruction—Amendments to the ConstitutionThe Radical Republicans passed 3
amendments designed to give African Americans more freedom
13th Amendment Slavery was abolished permanently in the US
14th AmendmentStates were prohibited from denying equal
rights under the law to any American15th Amendment
Voting rights were guaranteed regardless of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” (former slaves)
Many white southerners did not like the new Constitutional Amendments
Congress also said that states could not discriminate against African AmericansBut Congress said nothing about businesses and individuals
discriminating against African AmericansMany southerners began finding ways to keep African
Americans from having equal rightsA.) Sharecropping
An agricultural system that developed from the Cotton Plantation system after the Civil War
Landlords would provide land, seeds, and creditCroppers (usually former slaves) did the labor and received part of
the money earned from selling the cropsB.) Ku Klux Klan
A terrorist organization developed in the South during Reconstruction
At first, the KKK went after the Republican Reconstruction PolicyKKK also mistrusted freed slaves
Cotton Sharecroppers
C.) Black CodesMany whites in the South did not want freed
slaves to have equal rights to whitesMany states started to pass Black CodesThese were “laws” designed to keep freed
slaves from having rightsFreed slaves could only buy land in rural areasFreed slaves could not preach without a licenseFreed slaves had to sign annual contracts for
work
Postwar views of Key Civil War LeadersUlysses S. GrantUrged radical Republicans not to be harsh
with former ConfederatesWas elected president and served during
most of ReconstructionAdvocated rights for the freedmanOpposed retribution directed at the defeated
South
Postwar views of Key Civil War LeadersRobert E. LeeUrged Southerners to reconcile and rejoin
the United StatesServed as president of Washington College
(Washington & Lee University today)Emphasized the importance of education to
the nation’s future
Postwar views of Key Civil War LeadersFrederick DouglassSupported full equality for African AmericansAdvocated for the passage of the 14th and
15th AmendmentsEncouraged federal government actions to
protect the rights of freedmen in the SouthServed as ambassador to Haiti and in the civil
service
Impeachment of President Johnson Pres. Johnson was not in favor of giving freed
slaves the same rights as whitesHe did not support much of the equality
legislation handed down by CongressHe was in favor of many Southern
governments’ Black CodesHe did little to stop or place controls over the
KKKThe Radical Republicans became highly upset
at Johnson when he refused to follow the Tenure of Office Act
Impeachment of President Johnson The Tenure of Office Act:
Required Senate approval for the removal of cabinet members
Designed to keep the President from removing anyone from the cabinet that he may not like
1868: Johnson fired Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without the Senate’s approvalJohnson and Stanton rarely agreed on most issues
The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson on 11 counts of misconduct—including violating the Tenure of Office Act
Johnson was acquitted by 1 vote
Edwin Stanton
Compromise of 18771876: two men were running for president
Rutherford B. Hayes—Republican and supported by the Radical Republicans
Samuel Tilden—Democrat from the southTilden won the election, but a dispute arose
over electoral votes in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana
A special electoral commission was created to solve the problem
The commission gave the election to the Republican candidate Hayes
Samuel Tilden Rutherford B. Hayes
Compromise of 1877To get the southern Democrats to agree to Hayes
as president, a compromise was create—Compromise of 1877The Republicans promised to remove federal troops
from the SouthThe Southern Democrats promised to accept Hayes
as PresidentThe Compromise ended the Reconstruction period
in the south but ushered in the “Jim Crow” period where Southern states began to deny African Americans their full rights of citizenship
Jim Crow LawsLaws passed after 1890 that were designed
to segregate (separate) blacks and whitesBlacks were forced to ride in separate rail carsBlacks had to use different restrooms than
whitesBlacks had to eat in different sections of
restaurants1896: Plessy v. Ferguson
The Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as the facilities were equal
Video on Plessy v. Ferguson and the Jim Crow Era