Post on 18-Jan-2016
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Common Ion Effect
CH3COOH H+(aq) + CH3COO(aq)
pH of 0.1 M soln =
Add 0.1 M CH3COONa: CH3COONa Na+ + CH3COO(aq)
pH = What happened to[CH3COO]? [CH3COOH]?
Buffer Solutions
A buffer is a solution that “resists” a change in pH
E.g. blood contains substances that keep its pH fixed at 7.3 - important for life functions
Buffer solutions consist of either:
A weak acid + salt of its conjugate baseor
A weak base + salt of its conjugate acid
Buffers
HX(aq) H+(aq) + X(aq)
[ ][ ][ ] [ ][ ]
[ ]HXX
HHX
XHKa
−+
−+
==
[ ][ ]⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−=
−
HX
XpHpKa log
[ ][ ]⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛+=
−
HXX
pKpH a log
Note: If [HX] = [X], pH = pKa
Buffers work best near pH = pKa
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Buffer Capacity
CH3COOH H+(aq) + CH3COO(aq)
[CH3COOH] = [CH3COO] = 1.0 M
1 L solution, pH = pKa = 4.74
1. Add a dropper (~20ml) of 1M HCl
2. Add a dropper (~20ml) of NaOH
Repeat calculation starting from a 1.8 x 10-5 M HCl solution (pH = 4.74)
Buffer Capacity
A CH3COOH + CH3COONa (both 1 M)
pH =
B dilute solution A 10x
pH =
Repeat with 1 M HCl + 1 M NaCl solution
SOLUBILITY
Solubility: quantity of a substance that dissolves to form a saturated solution
Solubility: g/LMolar solubility: mole/L
Some salts are very soluble (> 0.1 M). Recall solubility rules.
Some salts are sparingly soluble (< 0.1 M) sometimes referred to as ‘insoluble’.
Precipitation and Solubility of ionic salts and their equilibrium in water
MX(s) M+(aq) + X(aq)
SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA• Precipitation
Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s) • Dissolution
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) At equilibrium when forward rate = backward rate
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq)
Keq = [Ag+][Cl]/ [AgCl(s)]
Keq [AgCl(s)] = [Ag+][Cl]Ksp = [Ag+][Cl]
The concentration of solid does not change at equilibrium
Solubility Product: Ksp
AgCl 1.8 x 10-10
AgBr 5.0 x 10-13
AgI 8.3 x 10-17
CdS 8.0 x 10-27
ZnS 1.1 x 10-21
Mg(OH)2 1.8 x 10-11
Ca(OH)2 5.5 x 10-6
CaF2 3.9 x 10-11
BaCO3 5.1 x 10-9
BaSO4 1.1 x 10-10
SOLUBILITY
Ksp is constant for a given solid at a given temp.
SOLUBILITY CALCULATION
Calculate [Ca2+] and [F-] for a saturated CaF2 solution.
CaF2 (s) Ca+2 (aq) +2F (aq)
Ksp = [Ca2+][F]2 =3.9 x 1011 at 25oC
What is the solubility? solubility = amount of CaF2 dissociated
COMMON ION EFFECT
If Q = [Ag+][Cl-] > Ksp, AgCl precipitates (Ion product > solubility product)
If [Ag+][Cl-] < Ksp; AgCl dissolves
When [Ag+][Cl-] = Ksp, the solution is saturatedAdding either [Ag+] or [Cl-] will precipitate AgCl(s)
[Cl-]
[Ag+]
precipitation
dissolutionsaturation
What about CaF2 in 0.01 M NaF solution?
[F] = 0.01 M Ksp = 3.9 x 1011
CaF2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2F(aq)
SOLUBILITY CALCULATIONCommon Ion Effect
Water Chemistry (Ch. 18.5-6)
Water in State College/UP Campus
Predominantly well water
23 wells + 1 open reservoir
[Ca2+ ] 165-185 ppm 10-15 ppm
Mixed to reduce water hardness
• Cl2 injected to kill bacteria
• F- added
• Alum (K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3
.24H2O) added to improve clarity
• NaOH added to neutralize pH
Remediation of Water
Ca2+ (hard water), Pb2+ (toxic) are precipitated by CO32-
Ksp
CaCO3 8.7 x 10-9
PbCO3 3.3 x 10-14
Which compound(s) could we use to supply CO32-?
How much do we need to add ?
If we add a stoichiometric amount of Na2CO3,
[Ca2+] = [CO32-] = Ksp
1/2
[Ca2+] = 3 x 10-3 M
2.9 x 10-3 mol/L x 40 g/mol x 1000 mg/g = 116 mg/L
(116 ppm)
If [CO32-] = 3 mM, what is [Pb2+]?
[Pb2+] = Ksp/[CO32-] = 3.3 x 10-14/3 x 10-3 = 1 x 10-11 M
= 2 parts per trillion
Effect of pH
What is the solubility of Mg(OH)2 in pure water?
Ksp = 1.8 x 10-11
What is the solubility of Mg(OH)2 in a solution with a pH of 9?
Effect of pH on common ions
If either the anion or the cation is involved in an acid base equilibrium, then it is a common ion problem.
•Basic metal hydroxides Low pH increases solubility
e.g., Mg(OH)2
•Salts of weakly basic anions
Low pH increases solubility
examples (write out equilibria for practice)
Mg(HCO3)2
ZnCO3
Ca3(PO4)2
NaF
Contrast with NaCl, Ca(NO3)2
There are amphoteric hydroxides of Al3+ Cr3+ Zn2+ Sn2+ and many transition metal ions
Al(OH)3 , Cr(OH)3 , Zn(OH)2 , Sn(OH)2 , …
Dissolution involves formation of complex ions:
Al(OH)3(OH2)3 (s)
+ H+ Al(OH)2(OH2)4+
+ OH Al(OH)4(OH2)2
Amphoteric hydroxides:
Both low and high pH increases solubility
AMPHOTERIC METAL HYDROXIDESAMPHOTERIC METAL HYDROXIDES
Hydration of metal ions
Cu2+(aq) + 4 H2O(l) [Cu(OH2)4]2+(aq)
Lewis + Lewis Lewis Acid/Base Acid Base Adduct
= Metal Complex
Other Lewis bases react with metal ions to form complexes
Cu2+(aq) + 4 NH3(aq) [Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + 4 CN(aq) [Cu(CN)4]2(aq)
Cu2+(aq) + 4 Cl(aq) [Cu(Cl)4]2(aq)
FORMATION OF COMPLEX IONS
METAL COMPLEX STABILITY
Cu(NH3)42+ + 4H2O Cu(OH2)4
2+ + 4NH3
Cu2+(aq)
Cu(OH2)42+ + 4NH3 Cu(NH3)4
2+ + 4H2O
[H2O] = constant
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K = Cu(OH2 )4
2+[ ] NH3[ ]
4
Cu (NH3 )42+
[ ] H2O[ ]4
€
KF = Cu(NH3 )4
2+[ ]
Cu 2+[ ] NH3[ ]
4
€
KD = Cu2+[ ] NH3[ ]
4
Cu (NH 3 )42+
[ ]Dissociation constant
Formation constant
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KF = 1
KD
Kf VALUES OF SOME COMPLEXES
Ag(NH3)2+ 2 x 107
Cu(NH3)42+ 5 x 1012
Cu(CN)42- 1 x 1025
Ag(CN)2- 1 x 1021
Ag(S2O3)23- 3 x 1013
What is the conc of free Cu2+ ions in a 1 L solution that contains 1 x10-3 moles total Cu2+ and is 0.1 M in NH3?
Cu2+(aq) + 4 NH3(aq) Cu(NH3)42+(aq)
Kf = 5 x 1012
Complex Ion Formation
Complex Ion Formation
What is the equilibrium constant for the following reaction?
CuCO3(s) + 4CN(aq) CO32(aq) + Cu(CN)4
2(aq)
Ksp CuCO3 = 2.3 x 1010
Kf Cu(CN)42 = 1 x 1025
CuCO3 is a sparingly soluble salt?
Ksp CuCO3 = 2.3 x 1010
How can I get it to dissolve?