COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHYCOMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY

The HIGH COSTof

:

ALGORYTHMS

Three Rivers Technical Conference

August 2009

Fred Morro Fujifilm NDT Systems USA

Director: Digital Radiography Products NDT

FMSU CONFIDENTIAL - 13 September 2006

Fred Morro

•Certifications:•NDT Level 3•NAVSHIPS 250-1500 Certified Examiner•NAVSHIPS CMC 049•NAVSHIPS NR: Specialty Certifications NDT•NAVSHIPS 271

•Activities:•ASNT:

Local Chapters

Technical Chair: Annual Digital Imaging Conference•ASTM: Chair E7-02-01-02: Digital Reference Images

Technical Advisor ASTM “CR”

Phantom•Special Committee Advisor: CR (New Committee)

Digital Imaging Conference Foxwoods CT

12th Conference

Any NDT Paper Should Be a Story

TIME WARP

The Year: 1980:•No “Cell Phones”•Limited Analog Cable TV•No PC’s•No Internet•35mm Photography•“Word Processing” Infancy

Industrial Radiography:•Film Based•Microprocessor X-Ray Controls•Silver Reclaiming

REAL TIME RADIOGRAPHY

1980

1980

TFI Corp. West Haven Ct.Formerly DBA Picker Industrial

Designed and Manufactured A Totally Automated Inspection System Employing Digital Image Processing.

1980

“AFIS ”Automated Fluoroscopic

Inspection System

System:

Examination of Safety and Arming Devices

•160 kVcp X-Ray Source•6” X-Ray Image Intensifier System•Hamamatsu Digital Camera with Density Profile

Digital Binary Slice•Digital Equipment Corp “LSI 11”•Radiation and Explosion Protection

1980

1980

Of Course:• Extensive Marketing Campaign• “ADR” Was Available• Papers at ASQC and Many ASNT Sections

1980

As part of the Paper Given:

Algorithms were described as the Key to the Successful Application

The Audience Remained Quiet“Q and A” Period

1980

What The Heck is An Algorithm?

Algorithm

Actually Has TWO “Definitions

Both can have an IMPACT on Our Activities

First:

Algorithm

“Al Gore ithm”

Algorithm

“Al Gore ithm” would have usStop using photographic chemicals.

With the decline of Photographic Film, and the even more rapidly Declining use of Wet Film Technology

The emphasis of the possible “Ban”Of our Chemistry is a Distinct Possibility

A very High Cost Algorithm

Algorithm

An algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, an explicit, step-by-step procedure for solving a problem. It is formally a type of effective method in which a list of well-defined instructions for completing a task, will when given an initial state, proceed through a well-defined series of successive states, eventually terminating in an end-state.

Algorithm

Digital Radiography

Two CategoriesImage Generation

•Contrast•Gray Scale•Filtering

Viewing Tools

•Measurement•Annotation•Values•Storage

Algorithms

Digital Radiography

Two CategoriesImage Generation

•Contrast•Gray Scale•Filtering

Viewing Tools

•Measurement•Annotation•Values•Storage

Algorithms

Image GenerationContrast:HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION

Histogram equalization can be used to improve the visual appearance of an image. Peaks in the image histogram (indicating commonly used grey levels) are widened, while the valleys are compressed.

Re-Distribution

Histogram Equalization

NDT Image Histogram Equalization

Histogram Equalization

Histogram Equalization

Histogram Equalization

Dynamic Range Control

A patented method of displaying the VariousGray Scales in a Given Scene while not Compromising or altering ACCEPTABLECONTRAST levels in a Radiographic Image

Typical CR Image

Contrast Adjusted to acceptable .20 Penetrameter

Dynamic Range Control

Contrast Adjusted to acceptable .20 Penetrameter

Direct Comparison

Dynamic Range Control

Image Generation

Various Pixel Edge Values Applied: Brightness and Width

Image GenerationFiltering/Edge Treatments

Multi Frequency Processing

Edge Treatments:

Curves

IMAGE GENERATION “GT”

Linear Curve: Most Commonly Used

Curves

IMAGE GENERATION

Applying a Film Type Curve

Curves

IMAGE GENERATION

Applying a Film Type Curve

Curves

IMAGE GENERATION

The “GT” Curve can also beRotated to ProduceA “Positive” Image Display

“CR” Selection

Algorithms

Should be:•User Friendly•Automated as Possible•ASTM Compliant•S/N Ratio

•Supportable•Upgradeable

“CR” SelectionSoftware

Should:•Process Raw Image Data

•Be Easily Applied

•Be Capable of Re-Processing Image Files

•Inform the User of Exposure Dose

“CR” Selection: SoftwareSoftware should be Configured to allow Inspection Personnel to select Pre-Prescribed Gray ScaleTreatments to the raw data, and automatically apply those via the use of a “Menu” or “Recipe”. Menus can be given Material, Part, or Process names, even “Film Emulations”

The use of this type of Software Application assures consistencyBetween all personnel using “CR” Technology.

“ Currently Personnel select Film Types or Speeds to accomplish this”

“CR” Selection: Software

Software should be Configured to allow Inspection Personnel to Re-process a data file in the event of any errors in the Menu selection process by simply Re-calling the raw data and Re-processing using another menu.

This type of Capability eliminates the need to Re-ShootIn the event of a Menu Selection Error

“CR” Selection: Software

Custom Menu For Specific application

Computed RadiographyImaging Plates can be used with X-Ray, LinearAccelerators, Radioactive Isotopes, and NeutronSources.

A variety of Materials and Thickness’ can be examined.

“CR” Selection

Select Imaging Plates basedOn the Classification and Their “QDE” and Internal Scatter Characteristics

Imaging Plate Cross Section

X-Ray

Storage Phosphor

Thicker Phosphor Coatings in IP’s:•Higher “QDE”•More Internal Scatter

Phosphor LayerPhosphor LayerBaF (Cl,Br,I):EUBaF (Cl,Br,I):EU2+2+

The Mysterious One

The Mysterious One

Has many people talking about it.What is it?

The Mysterious One

Does Exist

•The result of extensive Research•In High Demand•Superior Image Technology

The Mysterious One

The “Blue” Imaging PlateIs a Fujifilm UR-1 and UR-2 GenreOf Imaging Plate specifically designed For use where only the best is required.

As we select slower films for HigherPerformance, and greater X-Ray Sensitivity, the UR Family of Imaging Plate fills that void.

The Mysterious One

IX 100IX 80IX 50IX 25

D7D4D3D2

Selection is application SpecificST6 UR1ST7 UR2

And More to Come

The Mysterious One

The Mysterious One

There is no Mystery

It is simply an extension of TechnologyResponding to the Market Requirements

These Imaging Plates are In Demand by Friend and Foe

“CR” Selection: Reader

Readers are the Heart of the System

Classify Readers by the Ability To Convert the Analog Data to a Digital Format. This Not Only Includes Laser Spot Size, but TrueTwo Dimensional Pixel Size.

Select a Reader by Pixel matrix

Select a Reader by the MethodOf “IP” Transport

“CR” Selection: Reader

This Not Only Includes Laser Spot Size, but True Two Dimensional Pixel Size.

Laser Spot Size is Important,It does However only consider one Dimension of the Pixel.

True Resolution is determined by thePixel Sampling Rate along the laserScan line, and subsequent scans which Usually are controlled by the transport Of the Imaging Plate. Poor transport Results in “Dead” lines, or overlap, Which can result in Blur or Information Loss

“CR” Selection: Reader

This Not Only Includes Laser Spot Size, but True Two Dimensional Pixel Size.

Laser Spot Size is Important,It does However only consider one Dimension of the Pixel.

Smooth Jitter FreeCorrect Sampling for True Square Pixel

Correct Indexing

TransportSlippage andOverlap

True Spatial Resolution Factors

Computed RadiographyDynamIX Series 5 HR

DynamIX Series 5

DynamIX Series 5

Computed Radiography

DynamIX Series 5 HRDynamIX Series 5

NOT ALL“CR” IS THE

SAME

Revolution

Coupled with Revolutionary New Imaging Plate Developments:

?

A Higher Resolution Reader

Revolution

10 LP/MM

RevolutionDynamIX Series 5 HR

64 Mega-Pixel0.002” Pixel

+ =Advanced “IP”

“Very Good”Combined With:•High S/N R•EDR•Menu Drives•High Speed

Revolutionary Results

Crisp Penetrameter Sensitivity

Algorithms

High Cost

The HIGH COST of NOTHaving the Appropriate

Algorithms

Algorithms

Thank You