CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

INTRODUCTION

It is a common fact that we find a wide variety of

construction machines on every construction sites, which

make the construction jobs easy, safe and quicker.

Depending on the application, construction machines are

classified into various categories which we are discussing

here.

A. Earthmoving equipments

B. Construction vehicles

C. Material handling equipments

D. Construction equipments

*Earthmoving equipment is used in the construction industry to :

- shift large amounts of earth,

- dig foundations and landscape areas.

*Types of earthmoving equipment include hydraulic excavators,bulldozers, compressors and loaders.

GROUP A : EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENTS

A1 : EXCAVATORS

Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house").

The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels.

Excavators are also called diggers

Excavators are used in many ways: Digging of trenches, holes, foundations

Material handling

Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments

Forestry work

Demolition

General grading/landscaping

Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes

Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining

River dredging

Driving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver

A1 : EXCAVATORS

A2 : LOADERS

A loader is a heavyequipment machine oftenused in construction,primarily used to Loadmaterial (such as asphalt,demolition debris, dirt,snow, feed, gravel, logs,raw minerals, recycledmaterial, rock, sand, andwoodchips) into or ontoanother type of machinery(such as a dump truck,conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar).

A3 : SKID STEER LOADERS

A skid loader or skid-steerloader is a small rigid frame,engine-powered machinewith lift arms used to attach awide variety of labor-savingtools or attachments.

Though sometimes they areequipped with tracks, skid-steer loaders are typicallyfour-wheel vehicles with thewheels mechanically lockedin synchronization on eachside, and the left-side drivewheels can be drivenindependently of the right-side drive wheels.

A4 : GRADERS

A grader, also commonlyreferred to as a roadgrader, a blade, amaintainer, or a motorgrader, is a constructionmachine with a long bladeused to create a flatsurface.

Typical models have threeaxles, with the engine andcab situated above therear axles at one end ofthe vehicle and a third axleat the front end of thevehicle, with the blade inbetween.

A4 : GRADERS

In civil engineering, the grader'spurpose is to "finish grade"(refine, set precisely) the "roughgrading" performed by heavyequipment or engineeringvehicles such as scrapers andbulldozers.

Graders are commonly used inthe construction and maintenanceof dirt roads and gravel roads.

In the construction of paved roadsthey are used to prepare the basecourse to create a wide flatsurface for the asphalt to beplaced on. Graders are also usedto set native soil foundation padsto finish grade prior to theconstruction of large buildings.

A5 : CRAWLER LOADERS

The crawler loader

combines the stability of

the crawler tractor with the

abilities of a wheel loader.

However, to construct a

reliable crawler loader it

requires more than simply

attaching a loader bucket

onto a crawler tractor. It

must be designed with its

specific purpose in mind to

ensure it has the strength

to withstand heavy

excavating.

A5 : CRAWLER LOADERS

The introduction of hydraulic

excavators diminished the

market for the crawler loader

because it was unable to match

the excavator's lifting power and

flexibility.

However, crawler loaders are

capable of maneuvering across

the entire construction site

under its own power, whereas

most hydraulic excavators

require towing or transport.

While crawler tractors are still

being manufactured today for

niche markets, they reached

their peak of popularity in the

1960s.

A6 : BACKHOE

A backhoe, also called a

rear actor or back actor, is

a piece of excavating

equipment or digger

consisting of a digging

bucket on the end of a two-

part articulated arm. They

are typically mounted on the

back of a tractor or front

loader.

A7 : BULLDOZERS

A bulldozer is a crawler(continuous trackedtractor) equipped with asubstantial metal plate(known as a blade) used topush large quantities ofsoil, sand, rubble, or othersuch material duringconstruction or conversionwork and typicallyequipped at the rear with aclaw-like device (known asa ripper) to loosendensely-compactedmaterials.

A8 : TRENCHERS

Trenchers, or ditchers asthey are sometimes called,are similar to excavators inthe sense that theypenetrate the earth,breaking soil and rock, andremove it from the ground.They differ fromexcavators in that the soilis removed in onecontinuous movement.Trenchers are specificallyused for digging trenchesfor pipes, but othermachines have beenimprovised in the past toserve this purpose.

A8 : TRENCHERS

Trenchers can come in two

types: ladder trenchers

and wheel trenchers, and

can dig trenches at speeds

that other machines

cannot compare to.

A9 : SCRAPERS

In civil engineering, awheel tractor-scraper is apiece of heavy equipmentused for earthmoving.

The rear part has avertically moveable hopper(also known as the bowl)with a sharp horizontalfront edge. The hoppercan be hydraulicallylowered and raised. Whenthe hopper is lowered, thefront edge cuts into the soilor clay like a plane and fillsthe hopper.

A9 : SCRAPERS

When the hopper is full itis raised, and closed with avertical blade (known asthe apron). The scrapercan transport its load tothe fill area where theblade is raised, the backpanel of the hopper, or theejector, is hydraulicallypushed forward and theload tumbles out. Then theempty scraper returns tothe cut site and repeatsthe cycle.

A10 : WHEELED LOADING SHOVELS

A power shovel (also strippingshovel or front shovel orelectric mining shovel) is abucket-equipped machine,usually electrically powered,used for digging and loadingearth or fragmented rock and formineral extraction.

Power shovels are usedprincipally for excavation andremoval of overburden in open-cut mining operations, though itmay include loading of minerals,such as coal. They are themodern equivalent of steamshovels, and operate in a similarfashion.

A10 : WHEELED LOADING SHOVELS

A shovel's work cycle, or

digging cycle, consists of

four phases:

digging

swinging

dumping

returning

* Engineering or Construction vehicles are heavy-duty vehicles,

specially designed for executing construction (Civil engineering) tasks,

most frequently, ones involving earth moving.

GROUP B : CONSTRUCTION VEHICLES

B1 : DUMPERS

A dumper is a vehicle

designed for carrying bulk

material, often on building

sites. Dumpers are

distinguished from dump

trucks by configuration: a

dumper is usually an open

4-wheeled vehicle with the

load skip in front of the

driver, while a dump truck

has its cab in front of the

load.

B1 : DUMPERS

The skip can tip to dump

the load; this is where the

name "dumper" comes

from. They are normally

diesel powered. A towing

eye is fitted for secondary

use as a site tractor.

Modern dumpers have

payloads of up to 10 tones

and usually steer by

articulating at the middle of

the chassis.

B2 : TIPPERS

A truck or lorry the rear

platform of which can be

raised at the front end to

enable the load to be

discharged by gravity also

called tip truck.

B2 : TIPPERS

Tippers are suited for the

rough and tumble of

mining & quarrying

operations, as well as for

carrying bulk loads in

construction and

infrastructure industries.

Complete maneuverability,

high performance and

long-term endurance are

common to all trucks,

resulting in lower operating

costs.

B3 : TRAILERS

A trailer is generally an

unpowered vehicle pulled

by a powered vehicle.

Commonly, the term trailer

refers to such vehicles

used for transport of goods

and materials.

B3 : TRAILERS

GROUP C : MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS

C1 : CRANES

A crane is a type of

machine, generally

equipped with a hoist, wire

ropes or chains, and

sheaves, that can be used

both to lift and lower

materials and to move

them horizontally. It is

mainly used for lifting

heavy things and

transporting them to other

places.

C1 : CRANES

It uses one or more simplemachines to createmechanical advantage andthus move loads beyondthe normal capability of aman. Cranes arecommonly employed in thetransport industry for theloading and unloading offreight, in the constructionindustry for the movementof materials and in themanufacturing industry forthe assembling of heavyequipment.

C2 : CONVEYORS

A conveyor system is acommon piece of mechanicalhandling equipment thatmoves materials from onelocation to another.Conveyors are especiallyuseful in applicationsinvolving the transportation ofheavy or bulky materials.Conveyor systems allowquick and efficienttransportation for a widevariety of materials, whichmake them very popular inthe material handling andpackaging industries

C2 : CONVEYORS

C3 : FORKLIFTS

A forklift truck (also called alift truck, a fork truck, aforklift, or a tow-motor) is apowered industrial truck usedto lift and transport materials.

Forklift trucks are available inmany variations and loadcapacities. In a typicalwarehouse setting mostforklifts used have loadcapacities between one tofive tons. Larger machines,up to 50 tons lift capacity areused for lifting heavier loads,

C3 : FORKLIFTS

C4 : HOISTS

A hoist is a device used

for lifting or lowering a load

by means of a drum or lift-

wheel around which rope

or chain wraps. It may be

manually operated,

electrically or

pneumatically driven and

may use chain, fiber or

wire rope as its lifting

medium. The load is

attached to the hoist by

means of a lifting hook

C4 : HOISTS

Also known as a Man-Lift,Buckhoist, temporary elevator,builder hoist, passenger hoist orconstruction elevator, this typeof hoist is commonly used onlarge scale constructionprojects, such as high-risebuildings or major hospitals.There are many other uses forthe construction elevator.

Many other industries use thebuckhoist for full timeoperations. The purpose isbeing to carry personnel,materials, and equipmentquickly between the ground andhigher floors, or between floorsin the middle of a structure.

GROUP D : CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

D1 : TUNNELING AND HANDLING EQUIPMENTS

A tunnel boring machine

(TBM) also known as a "mole",

is a machine used to excavate

tunnels with a circular cross

section through a variety of soil

and rock strata. They can bore

through anything from hard rock

to sand. Tunnel diameters can

range from a meter (done with

micro-TBMs) to 19.25 m to date.

Tunnels of less than a meter or

so in diameter are typically done

using trenchless construction

methods or horizontal

directional drilling rather than

TBMs.

D2 : CONCRETE MIXERS

A concrete mixer (also

commonly called a cement

mixer) is a device that

homogeneously combines

cement, aggregate such as

sand or gravel, and water to

form concrete. A typical

concrete mixer uses a revolving

drum to mix the components.

For smaller volume works

portable concrete mixers are

often used so that the concrete

can be made at the construction

site, giving the workers ample

time to use the concrete before

it hardens.

D2 : CONCRETE MIXERS

Special concrete transport

trucks (in–transit mixers) are

made to transport and mix

concrete up to the construction

site. They can be charged with

dry materials and water, with the

mixing occurring during

transport. With this process, the

material has already been

mixing. The concrete mixing

transport truck maintains the

material's liquid state through

agitation, or turning of the drum,

until delivery.

D3 : COMPACTORS

A compactor is a machine or

mechanism used to reduce the

size of waste material or soil

through compaction.

In construction, there are three

main types of compactor: the

plate compactor, the "Jumping

Jack" and the road roller. The

roller type compactors are used

for compacting crushed rock as

the base layer underneath

concrete or stone foundations or

slabs.

D3 : COMPACTORS

The plate compactor has a large

vibrating base plate and is

suited for creating a level grade,

while the jumping jack

compactor has a smaller foot.

The jumping jack type is mainly

used to compact the backfill in

narrow trenches for water or gas

supply pipes etc. Road rollers

may also have vibrating rollers.

D4 : PAVERS

A paver (paver finisher,

asphalt finisher, paving

machine) is an engineering

vehicle used to lay asphalt

on roadways. It is normally

fed by a dump truck. A

separate machine, a roller, is

then used to press the hot

asphalt mix, resulting a

smooth, even surface. The

sub-base being prepared by

use of a grader to trim

crushed stone to profile after

rolling.

D4 : PAVERS

D5 : SPRAYING AND PLASTERING MACHINES

Plaster spraying allows a

plasterer to skim a drywall more

than five times faster than using

a hand float to apply it. Although

classic gypsum-based plaster

can be sprayed if it is "spray

grade," most plaster sprayers

prefer the organic-based pre-

mixed plaster packaged in a

plastic bag because the plaster

spraying machine does not

need to be cleaned out after the

job is finished, providing that

plaster is kept moist.

D5 : SPRAYING AND PLASTERING MACHINES

Worm-drive pump

Most commonly, sprayers have

a worm-drive pump that pumps

the plaster up to a spray gun

that has a large nozzle, usually

4 to 8 mm, that extrudes the

plaster into a chamber on the

end of the gun

Piston pump

Newer types of plaster sprayer

have a piston pump, which has

sufficient pressure to spray

smooth (untextured) plaster

without compressed air.

D6 : ROAD ROLLER

A road roller (sometimes

called a roller-compactor,

or just roller) is a

compactor type

engineering vehicle used

to compact soil, gravel,

concrete, or asphalt in the

construction of roads and

foundations, similar rollers

are used also at landfills or

in agriculture.

D8 : SLURRY&HEAVY DUTY PUMPS

A Slurry pump is a type of

centrifugal pump in physics

principle that increases the

pressure of liquid and solid

particle mixture (aka slurry),

through centrifugal force (a

rotating impeller) and

converts electrical energy

into slurry potential and

kinetic energy.

A pump is a device used to

move fluids, such as liquids,

gases or slurries. A pump

displaces a volume by

physical or mechanical

action.

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