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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Chapter 20
• The Diversity of Fungi
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cell wall
septum
cytoplasm
pore
two haploidnuclei
hyphae
Key Features of Fungi
•Filamentous body (F20.1 p. 388) •Obtain Their Nutrients from Other Organisms•Most Fungi Can Reproduce Both Sexually & Asexually •Propagate by Spores
•Some eject spores (F20.2 p. 389)
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How Are Fungi Classified?• The Phyla of Fungi (T20.1 p. 390)
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Chytrids
• Chytrids Produce Swimming Spores– Chytrid
filaments (F20.3 p. 389)
spores(haploid)
Meiosis occurs aszygospore germinates.
zygospore(diploid)
Nuclei in commoncell fuse.
haploid
diploid
sporangia
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
spores(haploid)
ASEXUALREPRODUCTION
hypha, (+) mating type (haploid)
hypha, (–) mating type(haploid)
sporangia
sporangia
Zygote Fungi zygomycete
Can Reproduceby Forming Diploid Spores
zygomycete life cycle (F20.4 p. 391)
Sac Fungi ascomycetes •Form Spores in a Saclike Case•Diverse (F20.5 p. 392)
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20.2 How Are Fungi Classified?
• 20.2.4 The Club Fungi Produce Club-Shaped Reproductive Structures– Figure 20.6 (Hide/Reveal) The life cycle
of a typical basidiomycete (p. 392) – Figure 20.7 Diverse basidiomycetes
(p. 393) – Figure 20.8 A mushroom fairy ring (p.
394)
basidia on gills
MEIOSIS
cap
basidiospores(haploid)
(+) mating strain
(–) mating strain
(–)
(+)
haploid
diploid
Club Fungi basidiomycete Produce ClubShaped Reproductive Structures
life cycle of a typical Basidiomycete (F 20.6 p. 392)
Diverse basidiomycetes
(F20.7 p. 393)
A mushroom fairy ring
(F 20.8 p. 394)
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• Imperfect Fungi– Species in Which Sexual Structures Have
Not Been Observed
algal layer
fungal hyphae
attachmentstructure
Some Fungi Form Symbiotic Relationships
Lichens:Formed by Fungi That Live with Photosynthetic Algae or Bacteria
The lichen: A symbiotic Partnership (F20.9 p. 394)
Diverse lichens (F20.10 p. 395)
Mycorrhizae Are Fungi Associated with Plant Roots
Figure 20.11 Mycorrhizae enhance plant growth (p. 395)
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How Do Fungi Affect Humans?
• Fungi Attack Plants Important to People– A helpful fungal parasite
– (F20.13 p. 396)
– Corn smut– (F20.12 p. 396)
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How Do Fungi Affect Humans?
• Fungi Cause Human Diseases– The unusual yeast (F20.14 p. 397)
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How Do Fungi Affect Humans?
• Fungi Can Produce Toxins• Many Antibiotics Are Derived from
Fungi– Penicillium
– (F20.15 p. 397)
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How Do Fungi Affect Humans?
• Fungi Make Important Contributions to Gastronomy– Wine and Beer Are Made Using Yeasts– Yeasts Make Bread Rise
• Fungi Play a Crucial Ecological Role– The Rare, Delicious Truffle
• (F20.16 p. 399)
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How Do Fungi Affect Humans?– The Shotgun Approach to Spore Dispersal
•An explosive zygomycete (F20.17 p. 399)
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How Do Fungi Affect Humans?
– The Nematode Nemesis (F20.18 p. 399)