transcript
- Slide 1
- Coral reefs lecture outline Session 5: Coral Reefs Coastal
Hazards Management Course Basic ecology, global distribution, and
structure of coral reefs Seagrass beds and Mangrove forests
Ecosystem goods and services provided by coral reefs Threats to
coral reefs Slide 5.1, Lecture Outline (Courtesy: John Bruno)
- Slide 2
- Global distribution of coral reefs Session 5: Coral Reefs
Coastal Hazards Management Course Reef-building corals require
clear, warm waters, with plenty of light and minimal nutrients
Slide 5. 2, Global Distribution of Coral Reefs Global distribution
of coral reefs (Courtesy: Elizabeth Selig)
- Slide 3
- Biology of corals Session 5: Coral Reefs Coastal Hazards
Management Course Slide 5.3, Coral Biology and Morphology A coral
colony and a close up image of coral polyps (Courtesy: John
Bruno)
- Slide 4
- Some examples of tropical coral morphology Session 5: Coral
Reefs Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 5. 4, Coral
Morphology Branching corals (Courtesy: John Bruno) Boulder corals
(Courtesy: John Bruno)
- Slide 5
- Reef zonation: the backreef Session 5: Coral Reefs Coastal
Hazards Management Course Slide 5.5, Reef Zonation: the Backreef
Aerial photograph of a Mexican reef (Courtesy: Conrad Neumann) the
backreef zone A backreef patch reef (Courtesy: Conrad Neumann)
- Slide 6
- Reef zonation: the reef crest Session 5: Coral Reefs Coastal
Hazards Management Course high energy environment dominated by
coralline algae Slide 5.6, Reef Zonation: the ReefCrest A reef
crest-note surge channels (Courtesy: Conrad Neumann) A reef crest
(Courtesy: Conrad Neumann)
- Slide 7
- Reef zonation: the forereef Session 5: Coral Reefs Coastal
Hazards Management Course Slide 5. 7, Reef Zonation: the Forereef
Elkhorn coral (Courtesy: John Bruno) Staghorn coral (Courtesy: John
Bruno)
- Slide 8
- Who lives on a reef? Session 5: Coral Reefs Coastal Hazards
Management Course Slide 5. 8, Reef Inhabitants Coral reefs are
inhabited by thousands of species including: Fish Sea turtles
Sharks and rays Urchins and star fish Worms Crabs and lobster
Snails Clams, scallops, and barnacles Sea slugs Algae Sponges Soft
corals
- Slide 9
- Seagrass beds Session 5: Coral Reefs Coastal Hazards Management
Course Slide 5. 9, Seagrass Beds A backreef seagrass bed (Courtesy:
John Bruno)
- Slide 10
- Mangrove forests Session 5: Coral Reefs Coastal Hazards
Management Course Slide 5.10, Mangrove Forests A mangrove forest
(Courtesy: John Bruno)
- Slide 11
- Ecosystem goods and services provided by reefs Session 5: Coral
Reefs Coastal Hazards Management Course Storm buffers Tourism $1.6
billion/year in the Florida Keys $8.9 billion/year in the Caribbean
Fishing Coral reef fisheries account for: 10% of fish harvest in
tropical countries 25% of fish catch in developing countries 90% of
protein consumed by people on Pacific islands Biodiversity and
bioprospecting Slide 5.11, Some Examples of Ecosystem Services
Provided by Reefs
- Slide 12
- Coral reef decline Session 5: Coral Reefs Coastal Hazards
Management Course Some of the recent changes to coral reefs:
decline in coral cover and reef heterogeneity loss of large
vertebrates overexploitation of fish and invertebrates increase in
macroalgal cover Slide 5.12, Some of the recent changes in coral
reefs A Jamaican reef dominated by macroalgae (Courtesy: John
Bruno)
- Slide 13
- Caribbean coral reef decline Session 5: Coral Reefs Coastal
Hazards Management Course Slide 5.13, Caribbean Reef Decline Case
study Meta-analysis of 263 Caribbean sites from 65 studies
(Gardener et al. 2003) On average, coral cover in the Caribbean
decreased from 60% to 10% over the last 20 years.
- Slide 14
- Threats to coral reef health: overfishing Session 5: Coral
Reefs Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 5.14, Overfishing on
Coral Reefs A Jamaican fish trap: few large fish remain on the reef
and the catch is usually fish more suitable for an aquarium than a
dinner plate. (Courtesy: John Bruno)
- Slide 15
- Threats to coral reef health: disease outbreaks Session 5:
Coral Reefs Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 5.15, Coral
Disease Outbreaks A boulder coral infected with yellow band
disease-caused by a bacterial pathogen (Courtesy: John Bruno) A sea
fan with aspergillosis-a fungal infection (Courtesy: John
Bruno)
- Slide 16
- Threats to coral reef health: increasing ocean temperature
Session 5: Coral Reefs Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide
5.16, Iincreasing Ocean Temperatures and Coral Bleaching Increases
in Caribbean Sea Surface Temperature (Puerto Rico1966-1995) 0.7C
increase in 30 years Winter et al. 1998 Severe bleaching
events
- Slide 17
- Threats to coral reef health: small scale threats Session 5:
Coral Reefs Coastal Hazards Management Course anchors ship
groundings divers and snorkelers coastal development collecting
Slide 5.17, Smaller Scale Threats to Coral Reef Health A snorkeler
standing on a coral (Courtesy: Conrad Neumann)
- Slide 18
- Mitigating the threats to coral reef health Session 5: Coral
Reefs Coastal Hazards Management Course Slide 5.18, Managing Coral
Reef Ecosystems Are there any realistic solutions to managing coral
reefs? There are several causal factors that operate at different
spatial scales. What are some potential management strategies?