Post on 14-Dec-2015
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Dearman Engine Company – Tokyo Innovation Show Case
9th October 2014
Dearman Engine Company
For more information:www.dearmanengine.comwww.liquidair.org.ukinfo@dearmanengine.com
Dearman Engine Company
• UK Based SME technology developer founded 2011.• ~40 full time employees. ~70% engineering focused• Developing a novel zero emissions engine technology with applications in
cooling, waste heat recovery and zero emissions power.• Business and carbon case for deployment.• Transport refrigeration is first application. Field trials in 2015, fleet
deployments from 2016. Project supported by Hubbard, MIRA and Air Products.
• Follow on waste heat recovery applications in development• Consortium based approach to technology development >£5m in UK
government and partner funded projects underway.• Partners sought for feasibility studies and potential demonstration projects.• Part of broader emergence of liquid air as an energy carrier.
Dearman Engine Company
What is Liquid Air?
Liquid air is made by:1. Cleaning ambient air2. Cooling it to ~ -196°C where it becomes a
liquid.
Liquid nitrogen is made by exploiting the different boiling points of oxygen, nitrogen and argon.
This process is mature: More than 100 years old Present in every industrialised nation Plants only need air and electricity Plants are large scale and flexibly operated to
achieve lowest electricity prices. Distribution and storage technologies and
infrastructure are mature.
Dearman Engine Company
Liquid Air Technologies
Common operating principle for all technologies:• Energy generation side converts
heat from the environment or a co-located process into shaft power.
• Low starting temperature gives high yields from even low-grade waste heat.
• Air or nitrogen is the only exhaust.• Applications in grid-scale energy
storage and transport.• Opportunities for big synergies with
processes that have cooling requirement or spare heat
Dearman Engine Company
液体窒素 熱 空気
700倍に膨張
高圧ガス
シャフトパワー
密閉空間
膨張装置
Liquid Air Energy Network
Liquid air as an energy vector is entering mainstream energy thinking. • UK government has invested >$20m in
liquid air technologies.• Highview Power Storage – 5MW
demonstration• Dearman Engine Company – 2 engine
platforms• Ricardo – 1 engine platform• Liquid Air Energy Network founded to
explore the benefits • Technology developers seeking
International collaborations
Dearman Engine Company
The Dearman Engine
Dearman Engine Company
Process – Operates by boiling liquid air to
produce high pressure gas that can be used to do
work. Power + cooling
Inventive Step Heat transfer inside the cylinder
through direct contact heat exchange with a heat
exchange fluid – patent granted
1. 2.
3. 4.
吸入温められた熱交換液(水・グリコール混合液)をシリンダーに吸入
圧縮超低温の液体窒素をシリンダーへ直接注入。熱交換液の熱が液体窒素に伝達、急激な気化と昇圧をもたらす。
膨張気化した液体窒素が膨張、ピストンを押し下げる。直接接触型の熱伝導を継続することにより、一定温度での膨張が可能となる。
排気混合排気をシリンダーより排出。ガス成分は大気中に戻り、熱交換液は再加熱の上、再利用される。
Rapid expansion High pressurisation rates Near isothermal expansion Non combustive
Heat Exchange Fluid
• The Heat Exchange Fluid (HEF) Dearman uses is water or water mixed with glycol depending on the application (temperature that system will be at when not in use).
• Dearman may consider other HEFs but critical features are low cost and non-toxic.
• High reclaim rates are required to comply with emissions requirements and end user convenience (how big is the tank and how often must it be refilled with water?).
• >99% reclaim rates have been achieved on the first systems, this exceeds regulatory requirements.
• CFD and experimental tools are in place to increase reclaim efficiency from this point.
Dearman Engine Company
Dropout tank Phase Separator
Coalescing filter
Benefits
Dearman Engine Company
• Made from simple materials in well-established processes
• Can use waste heat to boost efficiency, even at low temperatures
• Fuel non-combustible, exhaust cool and clean
• Liquid air or N2 widely produced and available
• Low capital cost• Fits established ICE manufacturing base• Potential for plastics, additive manufacture• Low life cycle impacts
• Waste heat (i.e. inefficiency) is a problem for engines, and fuel cells
• Works alongside other technologies rather than seeking to replace them
• Synergies with cooling applications• Indoor and underground use possible• Low heat signature
• Modest infrastructure requirement• Opportunity to integrate at system level with
e.g. renewable energy to achieve zero CO2
Characteristics Advantages
The cheapest zero emission power system – no life-cycle surprises, useful for cooling
Applications
Dearman Engine Company
Cheaper and cleaner refrigerated transport or air-conditioning
Saving 15-25% total diesel consumption and CO2
Replacing high-emission auxiliary engines
High efficiency waste heat recovery system
Harnessing waste heat of the ICE or fuel cell radiator loopSaving up to 25% fuel consumption
Zero-emission vehicle
Urban vehicles in emerging markets e.g. motorised three-wheelersOff-highway markets, including industrial (e.g. fork-lift trucks), mining, marine
Also suitable for static/grid-based applications – power and cooling, peak power and back-up power
Intellectual Property Status
Dearman Engine Company
Patent No. Title Scope Priority Date Status
EP 1257733JP 464782US 6,983,598
Engines driven by liquefied or compressed gas
Use of HEF with compressed or liquefied gas
22/02/00 Granted
PCT /GB2012 /053220
Improved Cryogenic Engine
Injector technology 22/12/11 National Phase
PCT/ GB2013/ 053056
Improvements in Refrigeration
Refrigeration Process 19/11/12 PCT
PCT/GB2014/050089
Cryogenic Engine System
Waste Heat Recovery 11/01/13 PCT
Transport Refrigeration Application
Dearman Engine Company
On-vehicle demonstration with MIRA, Air Products and Loughborough University, funded by UK TSB
• Refrigerated payload acts an a source of heat to “boil” the LiN – gets 2/3 cooled this way
• Dearman engine drives ancillaries (fans, defroster) and a downsized refrigerator that provides 1/3 of the cooling
• Can be independent of the truck engine – or can use engine coolant to boost performance
UK case Vs Diesel Vs Evap’
Yearly OpEx -£1,200 -£3,100
CO2 now/2030+ -23%/-92% -43%/-46%
Dearman system has zero emissions – Diesel APU can emit 6x NOx and 29x Pm of the truck’s main engine Source: Analysis by E4tech / Dearman. Basis of 40ft frozen trailer with Euro 6 prime mover on a typical daily cycle; today’s average UK and NL grid carbon, and CCC 2030 target
Quick payback, better urban air quality, great CO2 potential
Current Status – Transport Refrigeration
System Integration a Vehicle Demonstration in 2014 under IDP8 Cool-E with:• MIRA• Air Products• Loughborough University
Partnerships in Place to Deliver first UK Demonstration in Summer 2015:• Hubbard (part of the Zannotti Group)• Air Products Plc• MIRA
Now Planning International Development and Deployment
Dearman Engine Company
Market Status – Transport Refrigeration
Market Opportunity:• The refrigerated vehicle market is worth ~£3.6bn p.a globally this is expected
to grow to ~£6.8bn p.a in 2018.• The market is experiencing extremely rapid growth in South and East Asia as
cold chains become deployed.
European Drivers for Change:• F-gas legislation coming into force in January 2015 is a challenge that the
industry is ill prepared to respond to.• Emissions from the engines in TRUs are lightly regulated – there is an
expectation within the industry that this will change shortly, but very little idea of what to do about it.
• In developed markets the growth in fleet monitoring and measurement is currently yielding large gains from small changes – attention is likely to shift to TRUs and their fuel consumption.
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Waste Heat Recovery Engine
• ICEs reject ~2/3 of the energy in their fuel, to cooling system & hot exhaust• Main engine coolant acts as a source of heat to “boil” the LiN & warm the Heat
Exchange Fluid• Dearman engine drives into the main gearbox, allowing ICE to be down-sized and
operated efficiently – like an electric hybrid• Adding a chilled loop to the passenger compartment provides free air conditioning• The same principle applies to a fuel cell bus – relative savings may be even better
Dearman Engine Company
UK case Bus no a/c With a/c
Yearly OpEx -£2,100 -£2,800
Payback Time <3 years < 1.5 years“Warmant” heat exchanger
LN2 engine
IC Engine Gearbox Driven Axle
Power combiner
Dearman WHR “Heat Hybrid” system works alongside the IC engine, using its waste heat and helping with propulsion – and chilling or air-con; much cheaper than HEV
Current Project – Waste Heat Recovery
• Technology development and demonstration (TRL advancement) on a vehicle
• Manufacturing Readiness Level advancement and supply chain development.
• “Real World” evaluation of monetary and emissions benefits.
• Early identification of safety and legislative issues.
• Voice of the customer
• Develop the high volume opportunity
Dearman Engine Company
End Users Manufacturers
£3.25m 24 month UK government backed project to deliver:
Market Status – Waste Heat Recovery
16Copyright Dearman Engine Company Private and Confidential
Buses and delivery trucks are likely to be first markets. Potential market is more than 1m units p.a.
• Global market 370k units p.a growing to 875k p.a by 2025.
• Though best used in urban settings even intercity coaches have significant periods of urban operation so whole market could be addressed.
• ~1/2 of the mixed usage truck market is used in the urban delivery usage patterns likely to be suitable for this type of waste heat recovery.
• So about ¼ of this 3.7m units p.a market could be addressed by the technology.
Split of Global Bus Market
Coach Transit/City BusMedium Duty Bus
Split of Global Truck Market
Urban HGV Mixed HGV Mixed MGVLonghaul HGV
Zero-emission propulsion
Dearman Engine is an effective prime mover for low power or utilisation, especially where ambient is warm or cold is valued – CapEx lower than battery
Dearman Engine Company
LiN Tank
P H/X
DEH/X
Separator
Drive
ExhaustAmbient Heat Exchanger (Heat Source)
India case Vs Petrol Vs Battery
Yearly OpEx +£70 +£75**
10yr TCO +£2,300* -£1,100
A/C & Refrigeration
Free without adding to fuel consumption
Free without depleting range
• Ambient heat exchanger used to harvest heat - ~2.5x engine power required– Size ~4x that of equivalent ICE radiator – large (~500x500mm) but feasible – Provides “free” air conditioning; payload refrigeration function can also be
provided• Access to city centres with air quality restrictions enabled• Fast refill compared to battery recharge• Compared to fuel cell or battery EV, offers lower CapEx & whole-life costs, more
familiar manufacture & maintenance
Source: E4tech/Dearman. Based on 8kW 3-wheel rickshaw using Indian fuel, electricity and LiN costs. NO assumption for changes to diesel/petrol subsidies*Dearman system made in high-niche volumes >10,000/yr vs >100k/yr ICE **Battery replacement 10yrs, annualised in OpEx & TCO
Built environment applications
The Dearman Engine offers three potential sources of benefit:i) Shaft power that can be used to support
local demand or be exportedii) Cooling (because of the low start
temperature of the working fluid)iii) Conversion of waste heat into additional
shaft power
Achieving the maximum benefit from these services will require energy system analysis and optimisation for the end user’s site.
There are also opportunities to explore interaction with the fleet applications.
Dearman Engine Company
HVAC/ Refrigeration
Low Grade Heat
Onsite Generation
Higher Grade HeatCooling Support
Electricity
Timeline – Initial focus on Cooling and WHR
Dearman Engine Company
Key Technical Activities
Late 2011
Dearman Engine Company Formed – Ricardo Leads Due Diligence.
2012 Subsystems development with Ricardo
2013 Single Cylinder Engine Build led by Dearman.
H1, 2014
Integration with refrigeration cycle and hand over for vehicle demonstration.
H2, 2014
Refrigeration: efficiency and power density enhancements, preparations for field trials.
Waste heat recovery: multi-cylinder project starts.
2015 Field Trials of refrigeration application.
Multi-cylinder engine on to test bed.
2016 Short run production for fleet trial units (50 off at a time) commences.
Waste heat recovery into application
Japanese Market Opportunities
Dearman Engine Company
Applications Exploration• Working with partners to identify and assess
existing and new applications in this market.• Developing demonstration or field trial
opportunities.
Technical Collaboration• Japan has world class capabilities in
technology development and industrialisation of cryogenic systems and engines.
• Japanese companies and research organisations have done work on liquid air energy storage concepts.
Japanese Refrigeration Opportunity
Dearman’s most mature product is a transport refrigeration device, Japan could be a good Asian launch market for this product because:• Japan has a mature and sophisticated cold chain• Market participants like Denso, Hino Motors and Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries are already producing energy innovations in the sector.• End users have experience of trialling new technologies• Japanese world class expertise in cryogenic systems and processes could
support technology development as well as first field trials.• Japanese market could provide a launch pad for other Asian territories.• Refrigerated van and truck sales are about 20k units p.a in this market
Dearman is seeking technology development, host and finance partners for this application.
Dearman Engine Company
Dearman Engine Company
• UK Based SME technology developer founded 2011.• ~40 full time employees. ~70% engineering focused• Developing a novel zero emissions engine technology with applications in cooling,
waste heat recovery and zero emissions power• Business and carbon case for deployment.• Transport refrigeration is first application. Field trials in 2015, fleet deployments from
2016. Project supported by Hubbard, MIRA and Air Products.• Follow on waste heat recovery applications in development• Consortium based approach to technology development >£5m in UK government
and partner funded projects underway.• Partners sought for feasibility studies that are being developed for additional
applications.• Part of broader emergence of liquid air as an energy carrier.
For more information, please contact Michael Ayres – Michael.ayres@dearmanengine.com, (+44) 7714 513 653
Dearman Engine Company