Defect passivation in hybrid perovskite solar cells using …€¦ · Supplementary Figure 1:...

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Supplementary Information

Defect passivation in hybrid perovskite solar cellsusing quaternary ammonium halide

anions and cations

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATIONVOLUME: 2 | ARTICLE NUMBER: 17102

NATURE ENERGY | DOI: 10.1038/nenergy.2017.102 | www.nature.com/natureenergy 1

Supplementary Figure 1: Photocurrent hysteresis and stabilized measurement for devices

with L-α-Phosphatidylcholine passivation. a, Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of

two-step processed MAPbI3 devices with different L-α-Phosphatidylcholine thickness. b, J-V

curves for the MAPbI3 device passivated by L-α-Phosphatidylcholine measured by forward and

reverse scans. c, Steady-state measurement of JSC and PCE for MAPbI3 device with L-α-

Phosphatidylcholine layers.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

Supplementary Figure 2: SEM images for MAPbI3 film after quaternary ammonium

halides (QAHs) deposition. No obvious damage to the morphology of the film was observed.

Supplementary Figure 3: Independent PCE certification of perovskite solar cells by an

accredited PV laboratory of Newport Corporation confirming a PCE of 20.59±0.45% with

negligible hysteresis, which is a record certified efficiency for planar structured perovskite

solar cells.

Supplementary Figure 4: A summary of the photovoltaic parameters of

FA0.85MA0.15Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3 devices (20 cells) with different passivation treatments (10 cells

each).

J SC (m

Choline chloridePCBM

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Voltage (V)

PCBM Choline chloride

on FA0.83MA0.17Pb(I0.6Br0.4)3

Supplementary Figure 5: Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of

FA0.83MA0.17Pb(I0.6Br0.4)3 devices with choline chloride passivation.

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.25

Voltage (V)

PCBM Choline chloride

on FA1-xMAxPb(I1-xBrx)3

Supplementary Figure 6: Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of two-step

processed FAxMA1-xPb(Br1-xIx)3 devices with choline chloride layers.

-0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-25

Voltage (V)

0.1% 0.01%

Blending with choline cloridewt%

Supplementary Figure 7: Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of

FA0.83MA0.17Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 devices with choline chloride blending.

Supplementary Figure 8: Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) spectra for the perovskite

thin films without (control) and with choline chloride.

650 700 750 800 850 900

Wavelength (nm)

Prinstine With Choline chloride

Supplementary Figure 9: The isosurface plot (yellow area) of the highest occupied band of

the PbI2 surface with Pb-I antisite defect (a) without choline chloride and (b) with choline

chloride. Purple, grey, light blue, brown, light red and green spheres represent I, Pb, N, C, H

and Cl atoms, respectively (same for the following figures).

Supplementary Figure 10: The isosurface plot of (a) the highest occupied band and (b)

lowest unoccupied band of the MAI surface with Pb cluster without choline chloride.

Supplementary Figure 11: The isosurface plot of (a) the highest occupied band and (b)

lowest unoccupied band of the PbI2 surface with Pb-I antisite defect without choline chloride.

Supplementary Figure 12: The local structure of MAI surface with Pb cluster (a) without

and (b) with choline chloride. Pb1 denotes the Pb cluster, and I1 and I2 are the two

neighboring I sites of Pb1.

Supplementary Figure 13: The local structure of PbI2 surface with Pb-I antisite defect after

choline chloride passivation and a schematic draw of the evolution of antisite I. The red dotted

line denotes the immigration of I from its defected site (red dotted circle) to its position after

passivation.

Supplementary Figure 14: Identification of the composition of the degraded perovskite film

by the evolution XRD patterns. XRD patterns of OIHP films without passivation layer

(control), with L-α-Phosphatidylcholine, and with choline chloride, respectively, before and

after exposure to humidity of 90 ± 5% for 2.5 h.

Defect passivation in hybrid perovskite solar cells using …€¦ · Supplementary Figure 1:...

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