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1. Hume cover 1.qxd 12/10/04 11:26 am Page 1 Early Responses to
Hume 01 01 MORAL, LITERARY AND POLITICAL WRITINGS I EARLY RESPONSES
TO HUMES 'This ten-volume series is among the most important
contributions to Hume scholarship since E.C. Mossner published The
Life of David Hume several decades ago' Andrew Cunningham, Boston
University Edited and introduced by James Fieser, University of
Tennessee at Martin The moral theory of David Hume (171176) is of
lasting importance in the history of philosophy both for its
originality and for its influence on later moral theories. Hume
introduced the term utility into our moral vocabulary, and his
theory is the immediate forerunner of the classical utilitarian
views of Bentham and Mill. He is famous for the position that we
cannot derive ought from is. Some contemporary philosophers see
Hume as an early proponent of the meta-ethical view that moral
judgements principally express our feelings. In 1741 Hume published
his Essays, Moral and Political in which he consciously followed
the model of informal essay writing. He continually added to this
collection, making a lasting impact in political, economic and
aesthetic theory. This collection gathers together over seventy
important early responses to Humes moral theory and Essays. Each
selection is introduced by Hume EARLY RESPONSES specialist James
Fieser, who has also written a substantial general introduction TO
HUMES MORAL, to the set. LITERARY AND POLITICAL WRITINGS I FIESER
THOEMMES CONTINUUM Edited and introduced by 11 Great George Street
ISBN 1-84371-117-6 Bristol BS1 5RR, UK JAMES FIESER Philosophy,
Economics and Politics ISBN 1 84371 117 6 9 781843 711179
2. Hume cover 10.qxd 12/10/04 12:10 pm Page 1 Early Responses
to Hume 10 10 LIFE AND REPUTATION II EARLY RESPONSES TO HUMES 'This
ten-volume series is among the most important contributions to Hume
scholarship since E.C. Mossner published The Life of David Hume
several decades ago' Andrew Cunningham, Boston University Edited
and introduced by James Fieser, University of Tennessee at Martin
During the latter half of his life, David Hume (171176) achieved
international celebrity as a great philosopher and historian.The
sceptical and anti-religious bent of his works generated hundreds
of critical responses, many of which were scholarly commentaries.
Other writers, though, focused less on Humes specific publications
and more on his reputation as a famous public figure.Wittingly or
unwittingly, Hume was involved in many controversies: the attempts
to excommunicate him from the Church of Scotland; his paradoxically
close association with several Scottish clergymen; his quarrel with
Jean Jacques Rousseau; his approach to his own death. Humes enemies
attacked his public character while his allies defended it. Friends
and foes alike recorded anecdotes about him which appeared after
his death in scattered periodicals and books. Humes biographers
have drawn liberally on this material, but in most cases EARLY
RESPONSES the original sources are only summarized or briefly
quoted.This set presents TO HUMES L I F E dozens of these
biographically-related discussions of Hume in their most complete
form, reset, annotated and introduced by James Fieser.The editor
AND REPUTATION II also provides the most detailed bibliography yet
compiled of eighteenth and nineteenth-century responses to
Hume.These two volumes form the final part of the major Early
Responses to Hume series, and they conclude with an Index to the
complete ten-volume collection. FIESER THOEMMES CONTINUUM Edited
and introduced by 11 Great George Street ISBN 1-84371-115-X Bristol
BS1 5RR, UK JAMES FIESER Philosophy and Biography ISBN 1 84371 115
X 9 781843 711155
3. John Carter teaches sociology at the University
Anti-Capitalist Britain is an account of the ANTI-CAPITALIST
BRITAIN of Teesside. He has a longstanding involvement in state of
left and radical politics in the UK, delivered radical politics and
campaigning, including animal rights and the recent anti-capitalist
mobilizations. ANTI-CAPITALIST through a study of recent
anti-capitalist protests and movements.The book is a collaborative
project involving writers from various universities in the Dave
Morland teaches sociology and philosophy at the University of
Teesside. He has campaigned on issues such as the poll tax, the
miners strike, Anti-Capitalist Britain is a collection of
accessible and BRITAIN UK and recent participants in
anti-capitalist actions. The introduction examines the origins of
the current nuclear arms and anti-capitalism. protest movement and
its re-emergence from the informative essays on the emerging
anti-capitalist movement in Victory of the West and the free
market. Caroline the UK.Through accounts of recent anti-capitalist
protests and Lucas and Colin Hines then critique the dominant
organizations, often by those involved, the book considers the
neoliberal version of globalization from a green and current state
of radical politics in the UK. Its underlying theme is localist
perspective.This analysis is complemented by the emerging
relationship between Marxist and other radical the work of Molly
Scott Cato, who explores positive and sustainable alternatives to
capitalism and the free organizations and the disparate
anti-globalization, anti-capitalist market. Amir Saeed also takes
the new geopolitics as and direct action groups fronting campaigns
against institutions his starting point, examining the difficulties
created such as the World Trade Organization and the G8.The study
for Asian Britons after 9/11 and the subsequent argues that there
has been a shift towards anarchism on the War on Terror. British
left and elsewhere.While it has a primarily domestic focus, the
book also considers British anti-capitalism in an international
Other contributors consider the different forms context. It
therefore includes contributions from authors whose of protest and
activism in current anti-capitalist and green politics. John Carter
and Dave Morlands focus is beyond the domestic and who participate
in wider overview of the UK anti-capitalist scene detects an
campaigns. emerging shift towards a more libertarian mode of
struggle. One source of this is set out in Derek Walls account of
the Russian theorist Mikhail Bakhtin, whose theories loom large in
the ongoing Carnival against Capitalism. Jon Purkis focuses on the
role of anticonsumerist campaigns, finding EDITED BY JOHN CARTER
echoes of radical movements from the English Civil Cover design:
Alan Rutherford War period. Paul Taylor examines the creative ways
AND DAVE MORLAND in which electronic hacktivists have undermined
New Clarion Press corporations and the powerful. How all this 5
Church Row diversity and seeming fragmentation produces a Gretton
functioning movement is the concern of Alex Plows, Cheltenham who
explores the way in which groupings, GL54 5HG communities and
individuals have supported each England other through fluid
activist networks.The book EDITED BY concludes with a vibrant
account of the Anti-G8 mobilization in Genoa, written by one of the
participants. New Clarion Press JOHN CARTER AND ISBN 1-873797-44-3
DAVE MORLAND 9 781873 797440
4. ANTI-CAPITALIST BRITAIN ANTI-CAPITALIST Anti-Capitalist
Britain is a collection of accessible and BRITAIN informative
essays on the emerging anti-capitalist movement in the UK.Through
accounts of recent anti-capitalist protests and organizations,
often by those involved, the book considers the current state of
radical politics in the UK. Its underlying theme is the emerging
relationship between Marxist and other radical organizations and
the disparate anti-globalization, anti-capitalist and direct action
groups fronting campaigns against institutions such as the World
Trade Organization and the G8.The study argues that there has been
a shift towards anarchism on the British left and elsewhere.While
it has a primarily domestic focus, the book also considers British
anti-capitalism in an international context. It therefore includes
contributions from authors whose focus is beyond the domestic and
who participate in wider campaigns. John Carter teaches sociology
at the University of Teesside. He has a longstanding involvement in
radical politics and campaigning, including animal rights and the
recent anti-capitalist mobilizations. Dave Morland teaches
sociology and philosophy EDITED BY JOHN CARTER at the University of
Teesside. He has campaigned on issues such AND DAVE MORLAND as the
poll tax, the miners strike, nuclear arms and anti-capitalism.
Cover design: Alan Rutherford EDITED BY New Clarion Press JOHN
CARTER AND ISBN 1-873797-43-5 DAVE MORLAND 9 781873 797433
5. Darhbcover.1 15/3/03 4:57 PM Page 1 THE FIRST S O C IA L I S
M A N D DA RW I N I S M 1 8 5 9 1 9 1 4 THE FIRST DARWINIAN LEFT
DARWINIAN LEFT David Stack is a lecturer in Modern British
Darwinism and socialism were the two most exciting ideas In this
first study of the relationship History at the University of
Reading. He has between Darwinism and the left in Britain, of the
late nineteenth century. One tore down a model of previously taught
at Queen Mary, University of London and Keele University, and has
nature that was static and unchanging; the other sought to do
SOCIALISM David Stack argues that Darwinism provided the
constitutive metaphor within which the same for society. Almost
inevitably the ideas of Darwinism written widely on both the
history of the left and popular science in the nineteenth century.
His first book, Nature and Artifice: and socialism became
intertwined in the period from 1859 to A N D DA RW I N I S M modern
socialism was developed.The organic and evolutionary language of
Darwinism, it is shown, provided the discursive space in 1914.The
modern socialist movement was a product of the The life and thought
of Thomas Hodgskin, 17871869, was published by the Royal Darwinian
age and most leading socialists of the period had 18591914 which
the new ideology of socialism was probed, explored and developed in
the Historical Society in 1998 and he is currently studied and
accepted Darwinism before reaching their political period from 1859
through to 1914. writing a biography of the nineteenth-century
maturity.This was true of socialists both in Britain and Scottish
phrenologist George Combe. The relationship between socialism and
beyond including Annie Besant, Ramsay MacDonald, Eduard Darwinism
was not instrumental with Bernstein, Karl Kautsky, Jack London and
Prince Peter socialists simply picking and choosing Kropotkin. Each
inevitably carried something of their convenient ideas to conform
to their political Darwinism over into their understanding of
socialism. In this prejudices but isomorphic, involving a real
cross-fertilization of ideas and concepts from study of the
relationship between the two ideas, David Stack the biological to
the sociological and back argues that the contribution of Darwinism
to the thought of again.This process was especially evident in the
British left has been underestimated. Darwinism played a writings
of those socialists such as Alfred Russel Wallace, Emile
Vandervelde and DAVID STACK crucially important role both in the
shift from radicalism to Prince Peter Kropotkin who were also
socialism that occurred in the late nineteenth century and in
accomplished scientists, but also helps us enabling MacDonald and
others to develop a distinctive better appreciate the stance of
amateur socialist position, marked off from liberalism to the right
enthusiasts such as Annie Besant, Jack London and Ramsay MacDonald.
and Marxism to the left. The First Darwinian Left demonstrates how
the discursive boundaries imposed by Darwinism profoundly
influenced the construction of Cover design: Alan Rutherford
socialist ideology in Britain: marking it off from the older
radical tradition, as well as distinguishing it from liberalism on
the right New Clarion Press and Marxism on the left. In particular,
the 5 Church Row New Clarion Press crucial role of Ramsay MacDonald
in Gretton Cheltenham ISBN 1-873797-38-9 DAVID developing and
disseminating a distinctively Darwinian understanding of socialism
among GL54 5HG the membership of the Independent England STACK
Labour Party is analysed. 9 781873 797389
6. Darpapercover.1 15/3/03 4:56 PM Page 1 THE FIRST S O C IA L
I S M A N D DA RW I N I S M 1 8 5 9 1 9 1 4 THE FIRST DARWINIAN
LEFT DARWINIAN LEFT Darwinism and socialism were the two most
exciting ideas of the late nineteenth century. One tore down a
model of nature that was static and unchanging; the other sought to
do the same for SOCIALISM society. Almost inevitably the ideas of
Darwinism and socialism became intertwined in the period from 1859
to 1914.The modern socialist movement was a product of the
Darwinian age and most A N D DA RW I N I S M leading socialists of
the period had studied and accepted Darwinism before reaching their
political maturity.This was true of 18591914 socialists both in
Britain and beyond including Annie Besant, Ramsay MacDonald, Eduard
Bernstein, Karl Kautsky, Jack London and Prince Peter Kropotkin.
Each inevitably carried something of their Darwinism over into
their understanding of socialism. In this study of the relationship
between the two ideas, David Stack argues that the contribution of
Darwinism to the thought of the British left has been
underestimated. Darwinism played a crucially important role both in
the shift from radicalism to socialism that occurred in the late
nineteenth century and in enabling MacDonald and others to develop
a distinctive socialist position, DAVID STACK marked off from
liberalism to the right and Marxism to the left. David Stack is a
lecturer in Modern British History at the University of Reading. He
has previously taught at both Queen Mary, University of London and
Keele University. His first book, Nature and Artifice:The life and
thought of Thomas Hodgskin, 17871869, was published by the Royal
Historical Society in 1998. Cover design: Alan Rutherford New
Clarion Press ISBN 1-873797-37-0 DAVID STACK 9 781873 797372
7. domestic violence ACTION FOR CHANGE ------- -- new edition
Gill Hague and Ellen Malos
8. Eugenics HB cover 4/4/02 10:53 PM Page 1 genetic politics
THE ISSUES IN SOCIAL POLICY SERIES genetic politics Anne Kerr is a
lecturer in sociology We are poised at a turning point of human
history. Behind us lies from eugenics to genome Genetic Politics
explores the history of at the University of York with a twentieth
century marked by unprecedented technological eugenics and the rise
of specialist interests in genetics and developments, but also the
nightmares of human barbarism and contemporary genomics,
identifying gender. She followed her degree in war. In front of us
stretches the century of the gene, when we continuities and changes
between applied physics from the University are promised that
science will be harnessed for the human good: to the past and the
present. Anne Kerr of Strathclyde, Glasgow, with reduce the impact
of disease, to increase longevity, and to provide and Tom
Shakespeare reject the two doctoral research on gender and
solutions for social problems including famine and global poverty.
extreme positions that human science at the University of It is a
good moment to explore, in the field of genetics, what went
genetics are either fatally corrupted Edinburgh, going on to
conduct wrong in so many countries during the first part of the
twentieth by, or utterly immune from, eugenic research into the
social and century, and to ask whether we are currently repeating
some of influence. They argue that todays historical contexts of
genetics. She the mistakes of the past, or growing problems for the
future. forms of genetic screening are far has co-authored a number
of articles from equivalent to the eugenics of on public and
professional accounts From the Introduction the past, but eugenics
cannot simply of genetic research and screening, be dismissed as
bad science, or the Anne Kerr and Tom Shakespeare and their social
implications. product of totalitarian regimes, for its values and
practices continue to Tom Shakespeare received a shape genetics
today. first-class honours degree in social and political science
at the University Triumphalist accounts of scientific of Cambridge
and completed an progress and the merits of individual M.Phil. in
social and political theory choice mask how genetic and a Ph.D. on
the sociology of technologies can undermine peoples disability. A
former lecturer in freedom, by intensifying genetic sociology, he
is currently Director determinism and discrimination, of Outreach
at the Policy, Ethics individualizing responsibility for and Life
Sciences Research Institute, health and welfare, and stoking
Newcastle. He has served on the intolerance of diversity.
Regulation editorial boards of Critical Social Policy is largely
ineffectual at limiting and Disability and Society, and has these
dangers because it is often written widely on disability and guided
by the goals of perfect health genetics. and commercial profit. The
authors argue that we need to listen to the people directly
affected by the new genetics technologies, especially disabled
people and women, and to challenge the values and practices Anne
Kerr and that shape genetics. Cover design: Alan Rutherford Tom
Shakespeare New Clarion Press ISBN 1-873797-26-5 5 Church Row New
Clarion Press Gretton Cheltenham GL54 5HG England 9 781873
797266
9. Genetics pb cover 4/4/02 10:43 PM Page 1 genetic politics
THE ISSUES IN SOCIAL POLICY SERIES genetic politics We are poised
at a turning point of human history. Behind us lies a twentieth
century marked by unprecedented technological from eugenics to
genome developments, but also the nightmares of human barbarism and
war. In front of us stretches the century of the gene, when we are
promised that science will be harnessed for the human good: to
reduce the impact of disease, to increase longevity, and to provide
solutions for social problems including famine and global poverty.
It is a good moment to explore, in the field of genetics, what went
wrong in so many countries during the first part of the twentieth
century, and to ask whether we are currently repeating some of the
mistakes of the past, or growing problems for the future. From the
Introduction Genetic Politics explores the history of eugenics and
the rise of Anne Kerr and Tom Shakespeare contemporary genomics,
identifying continuities and changes between the past and the
present. The authors reject the two extreme positions that human
genetics are either fatally corrupted by, or utterly immune from,
eugenic influence. They argue that todays forms of genetic
screening are far from equivalent to the eugenics of the past, but
eugenics cannot simply be dismissed as bad science, or the product
of totalitarian regimes, for its values and practices continue to
shape genetics today. Triumphalist accounts of scientific progress
and the merits of individual choice mask how genetic technologies
can undermine peoples freedom, by intensifying genetic determinism
and discrimination, individualizing responsibility for health and
welfare, and stoking intolerance of diversity. Regulation is
largely ineffectual at limiting these dangers because it is often
guided by the goals of perfect health and commercial profit. The
authors argue that we need to listen to the people directly
affected by the new genetics technologies, especially disabled
people and women, and to challenge the values and practices that
shape genetics. Anne Kerr is a lecturer in sociology at the
University of York with specialist interests in genetics and
gender. Tom Shakespeare is Director of Outreach at the Policy,
Ethics and Life Sciences Research Institute, Newcastle, and has
written widely on disability and genetics. Anne Kerr and Tom
Shakespeare Cover design: Alan Rutherford ISBN 1-873797-25-7 New
Clarion Press 9 781873 797259
10. I n the years of famine following World War I in East
KAPUTALA Africa two words were coined by the local people: mutunya
and kaputala. Mutunya, meaning scramble, refers to the frenzy of
the starving crowd whenever a KAPUTALA supply train passed through.
Kaputala refers to the baggy shorts worn by the British troops. It
was these soldiers, according to the local Gogo tribespeople, who
were responsible for their plight. The first-hand account of war in
East Africa in The Diary of Arthur Beagle brings out the absolute
and THE DIARY OF tragic waste of life in a far-away war.
Photographs taken ARTHUR BEAGLE by Arthur Beagle add authenticity
to his tale. With an & extended introduction and a final
skirmish-by-skirmish THE EAST AFRICA CAMPAIGN chapter covering the
East Africa Campaign from 1916 THE DIARY OF ARTHUR BEAGLE THE DIARY
OF ARTHUR BEAGLE 19161918 to 1918, it is indeed a fine introduction
to this obscure military campaign, and the horrors of war. I hope
all who read this account will be sickened by the institutionalised
racism, find war abhorent and feel a great sympathy for those,
black and white, forced, coerced or duped into the ranks, for
whatever reason be it straightforward intimidation or the
sickly-sweet lure of drum-thumping jingoism. Cutting away all the
bullshit, no matter how gentlemanly the conduct of some officers, a
lot of people died horrible deaths because the greed of competing
capitalisms could not coexist on the same planet. ISBN
0-9540517-0-X 9 780954 051709 Introduced and Edited HAND OVER HO by
FIST PRESS FP ALAN RUTHERFORD
11. FairPlay cover 4 26/9/05 10:30 am Page 1 FAIR PLAY AND
FOUL? Fair play and foul? John Elder The Nordic countries remain
unique in independently managing and operating their health care
complaints mechanisms and medical regulatory bodies. They are also
almost on their own in having established statutory no-fault
patient compensation schemes as an alternative to the potentially
expensive and risky civil litigation route. Moreover, these same
nations (Sweden excepted) are among the few on the planet where
sweeping patients rights set in stone are in place. Sadly, the
enlightened example long set by lawmakers in Denmark, Finland,
Norway, Sweden and Iceland on all these issues is still not being
matched by their counterparts in the United Kingdom or, for that
matter, anywhere else in Europe. For instance, more rather than
total independence is the theme of the latest British reforms
following the sustained public excoriation of the previous health
care complaints and medical regulatory systems in particular the
routinely inequitable outcomes they produced for complainants.
Self-regulation continues to be the predominant force in the
operation of these new procedures. As before, only a comparatively
small proportion of complaints lodged with the National Health
Service in the UK will receive the attention of the recently
established independent review bodies where these have been set up.
Furthermore, regulation of doctors and nurses remains in the hands
of their existing, albeit extensively reformed, regulatory bodies
under FAIR whose patronage the consideration of allegations about
these professionals is also being maintained. A book of The
position about patients rights in the United Kingdom is nowhere
near so contrasting. Nonetheless, instead of a specific set of
comprehensive legal entitlements revelations about PLAY the
interests of patients and those who attend to their clinical needs
are provided for, collectively, via legislation, case law, set
ethical criteria and health service policy rules. However, the
proposals for a patient compensation and redress scheme as an
alternative patients rights, to the existing system of civil
damages is a big step in the right direction even if, initially, it
turns out to be a comparatively limited arrangement and then not of
the complaints AND handling and all-encompassing, no-fault variety.
Fair play and foul? examines all these issues in some detail and
also focuses on an area that had not been in the limelight before
or during the reforms that began to take effect compensation JOHN
ELDER in Britain since the turn of the century. It seems to have
always been assumed that the FOUL? Health Service Ombudsman is
above reproach. But is this really justified? The book explores
vital aspects of the organization that this key independent
complaints arbiter in the United fronts in a way that has not been
done before and raises matters that question the bodys seemingly
high standing. Kingdom and In the process of examining the subject
at hand, the book accepts that healthcare is not elsewhere in the
only part of public life in Britain where self-regulation still
prevails, and provides examples of the practice elsewhere in
society. Perhaps, foremost among these cases of Europe
institutional self-regulation is that relating to the British
parliament itself, the body that holds the key to enlightened
public reform in all its guises. Fair play and foul? may not be a
good read in the accepted sense, but if it succeeds in helping to
bring forward the day when British citizens are conferred with the
same level JOHN of entitlements in their relationship with health
care that their counterparts in certain other European societies
take for granted, it will have achieved its end. ELDER 12.95 ISBN
0-95346-041-X BOOKS 9 780953 460410
12. Rachel's Cover 8/9/05 3:14 pm Page 1 L THE ANTIQUARIAN
LIBRARY JI THE ANTIQUARIAN LIBRARY OF EMERITUS PROFESSOR DAVID A.
PAILIN OF EMERITUS PROFESSOR DAVID A. PAILIN E I p JF
13. MOLLY SCOTT CATO MARKET SCHMARKET BUILDING THE
POST-CAPITALIST ECONOMY
14. NEW 05 Prologue of the Fourth Gospel.qxd 18/08/2005 13:09
Page 115 The Logos 115 and more radical: Scott and Witherington
have discussed the importance of the Sapiential tradition;170
Borgen has argued that the Prologue is a rabbinic reflection on the
Genesis creation myth;171 McNamara ecplored the links with the
Palestinian Targumim;172 other scholars have argued for specific
parallels for specific verses. As a common leceme in Koin, it is
not surprising that lo&goj appears over twelve hundred times in
the Septuagint. However, it is clear that lo&goj does not
always translate the Hebrew phrase hwhy rbd. This mismatch is quite
important because it suggests that at least for the translators of
the Septuagint, there was no definite correlation between the
concept of word of God in the Hebrew Bible and the leceme
lo&goj per se. An ecample of this mismatch can be found in a
list of the occurrences of hwhy rbd and rbd in Genesis: Hebrew Text
Septuagint Genesis 4.23 K7mele y#'n&; yliw&q N(ama#;$
hl,fciw a)kou&sate& mou th=j fwnh=j ytirfm)i hn%fz');h ;
gunai=kej Lamex e)nwti&sasqe& mou touj lo&gouj Genesis
15.1 hyfhf hl%e)'hf Myribfd@:ha rxa)a meta de ta r(h&mata
tau=ta hzexjm%aba% Mrfb;)a-l)e hwfhy;-rbad e)genh&qh r(h=ma
kuri&ou proj Abram e)n o(ra&mati Genesis 15.4 wylf)e
hwfhy;-rbad; hn%"hw; i kai eu)quj fwnh kuri&ou e)ge&neto
proj au)ton Genesis 29.13 t) Nbflfl; rp%say;wa kai dihgh&sato
tw|~ Laban hl%e)h Myribfd;ha-lk%f pa&ntaj touj lo&gouj
tou&touj Genesis 34.18 rwomxj yn"y("b%; Mheyr"b;di w%b+;y;y%iw
kai h1resan oi( lo&goi e)nanti&on Emmwr kai e)nanti&on
rwomxj-Nb%e Mke#$; yn"y("bw% Suxem tou= ui(ou= Emmwr The table
provides a good ecample of the problems associated with attempting
to analyse the intertext for lo&goj in the Hebrew Bible and
Septuagint. Firstly, we can see that rbd is variously translated as
r(h&ma (kuri&ou, fwnh& (kuri&ou and lo&goj and,
conversely, that lo&goj is also used to translate hrm) (word,
utterance). This is important, since it shows that while lo&goj
was one way in which (hwhy-)rbd could be translated, it was not the
only way. The alternative translations are also significantly
common in the Septuagint as a whole. The phrase r(h&ma
kuri&ou occurs 48 times, not only as a reference to the command
of the Lord (for ecample, Ecodus 9.20, Numbers 14.41) but also in
references suggesting a dynamic word, which meets with people and
is the basis of their 170. Scott, Sophia; Witherington, Johns
Wisdom 171. P. Borgen, Observations on the Targumic Character of
the Prologue of John NTS 16 (1970), pp. 288295 and Logos was the
True Light in Borgen, Logos was the true light and other essays on
the Gospel of John (Trondheim: Tapir Publications, 1983) 172. M.
McNamara, Logos of the Fourth Gospel and Memra of the Palestinian
Targum (Ex 12:42), ExpTim 79 (1968), pp. 11517
15. NEW 05 Prologue of the Fourth Gospel.qxd 18/08/2005 13:53
Page 80 80 The Prologue of the Fourth Gospel of what is
communicated rather than any particular word itself.20 Normally, a
reader would look to a polysemic lexemes context in order to
disambiguate its meaning. However, in the Prologue, there is little
context since the text has only just begun. In this instance,
perhaps the wider context of New Testament liter- ature and the use
of that literature within the Johannine community may provide some
background. 5.5 Christian Intertexts 5.5.1 In the Gospels in
General lo&goj occurs, in its various forms, frequently in the
Gospels. For the most part, it refers to the message about Jesus,
the preached word, rather than the incarnate word.21 So, Dunn
offers many examples of the use of the lexeme to mean the preached
word and shows how broadly this term was used and accepted across
the Christian traditions from the earliest Pauline material,
through the Gospels and on into the later writings. For now, we
will focus on the use of the lexeme in the Gospels, before looking
at Johannine material and then at the rest of the New Testament.
Within the range of meanings for lo&goj in the Synoptics, the
central concept seems to reflect normal Koin usage as a message
communicated. So, in Matthew 7.2829 and its parallels: Matthew
7.2829 Mark 1.2122 Luke 7.1; 4.32 kai e0ge&neto o3te
e0te&lesen kai ei0sporeu&ontai ei0j e0peidh e0plh&rwsen
o( I)hsou=j touj lo&gouj Kafarnaou&m: kai eu0quj pa&nta
ta_ r9h&mata tou&touj, toi=j sa&bbasin ei0selqwn
au0tou= ei0j ta_ a)koa_j ei0j thn sunagwghn laou=, ei0sh=lqen
e0di&dasken. ei0j Kafarnaou&m. e0ceplh&ssonto oi9
o2xloi kai e0ceplh&ssonto e0pi th|= kai e0ceplh&ssonto e0pi
th=| didaxh=| au0tou=: didaxh|= au0tou=: e0pi th|= didaxh|=
au0tou=, o4ti e0n e0cousi/a| h]n o( lo&goj au0tou=. 20. Dodd,
Interpretation, pp. 26367; Davies, Rhetoric and Reference, p. 121:
In English Bibles lo&goj is usually translated Word, but this
is the translation of the Latin Vulgate verbum. It is inappropriate
as a rendering of the Greek lo&goj. The Greek for word is
r(h=ma or o!noma'. Mark Edwards gives a brief reception history,
including a reference to the same point, John (Blackwell Bible
Commentary; Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), pp. 1617; Davies quotes from
Goodenoughs introduction to Philo in which he makes a similar
argument based upon a lexical taxonomy drawn from LSJ. Such
arguments do not stop the vast majority of commentators and
translators from using Word as the translation: for example, Malina
and Rohrbaugh, Social Science Commentary, pp. 3537; Kruse, John,
pp. 5865 21. Brown, John, p. 519; J.D.G. Dunn, Christology in the
Making: An Inquiry into the Origins of the Doctrine of the
Incarnation (London: SCM Press, 2nd edn, 1989), pp. 23039
16. NEW 06 Prologue of the Fourth Gospel.qxd 18/08/2005 13:16
Page 184 184 The Prologue of the Fourth Gospel So, as the gospel
progresses, and especially when ko&smoj responds, the use of
the lexeme becomes more and more pejorative. It is interesting to
note that a similar deterioration happens in the use of the lexeme
in the Prologue: Use 1: o4 fwti&zei pa&nta a!nqrwpon
e)rxo&menon ei)j ton ko&smon (v.9) In this use there is a
positive association with the coming of light into the world. We
have already seen the opposition of darkness to light (v.5) and the
subsequent association of negativity with darkness. Here
ko&smoj is associated with the light and so disassociated from
darkness. ko&smoj is therefore positive in this context. Use 2:
e0n tw|~ ko&smw|~ h]n (v.10a) There is another positive
association here in that the Logos/Life/Light has chosen to be in
the ko&smoj. Once again such association means that the world
is characterized in a positive way. Use 3: kai o( ko&smoj di
au)tou= e)ge&neto (v.10b) There is yet another positive
association in that the Logos is said to have had a role in
creating/ordering the world. Use 4: kai o( ko&smoj au)ton ou)k
e1gnw (v.10c) There is a negative association here in that the
ko&smoj is negligent in recog- nising its creator. Here, the
first time that the world is the subject of an action, it is
depicted as failing to achieve the desired result. The idea that
the ko&smoj can react, even negatively, suggests that at least
in this phrase reference is being made to humanity, and thus an
inherently incompetent humanity.181 The first three uses of the
term, which all focus on the activity of lo&goj in relation to
ko&smoj, have positive overtones whereas the final use, the
only time in which the Prologue talks of the specific activity of
ko&smoj, is negative. This analysis seems to reflect Cassems
findings for the whole gospel.182 We see that ko&smoj is a
neutral term when it is the object of activity: the place where
light comes to illuminate; the place where lo&goj dwells; that
which was created by lo&goj. It refers to the world, especially
the world of humanity, but does not hint that this is a negative
reference. In fact, the world is seen to be the object of the Logos
attention and is therefore given privileged association with light
and life.183 Ultimately, however, the worlds activity shows that
this attention seems to be unwarranted. The Logos is associated
with this world, is present within it and created it despite its
ignorance. Boismard sums up the ambiguity well: De soi, le monde
nest pas mauvais, puisque Dieu laime, et quil a envoy sons Fils
pour le sauveur. Mais en fait, le monde refus de recevoir le
message du Verbe, et cest pourquoi il prend si souvent une nuance
pjorative chez saint Jean.184 Indeed, this ambiguity about whether
the world is good or bad may well reflect an antisociety trait. The
world represents those who do not receive o( lo&goj and so
cannot be part of the Johannine community; they become the 181.
Hendricksen, John, p. 80. 182. Compare Brown, St John, p. 509;
Morris, John, p. 97 183. Witherington, Johns Wisdom, p. 52;
Beasley-Murray, John, p. 12 184. Boismard, Prologue de Saint Jean,
p. 50 : In itself, the world is not evil, since God loves it, and
has sent his Son to save it. But in fact, the world has refused to
receive the Words message, and that is why it so often takes on a
pejorative sense in the Johannine material.
17. NEW 05 Prologue of the Fourth Gospel.qxd 18/08/2005 13:53
Page 87 The Logos 87 subject in his book on the development of
Christology in the first centuries of the Church, in which he
outlines a number of key stages.42 Firstly, very early in the NT
tradition the word/message refers to the proclamation of the
gospel.43 We have already seen that this tradition is dominant
within the Synoptic Gospels, the Fourth Gospel outside the
Prologue, and the rest of the Johannine literature. However, Dunn
then traces a development in the tradition by which vigorous
metaphors or near personifications are associated with lo&goj.
The final stage according to Dunn is that the message, so clearly
centred upon Jesus, is actually identified with Jesus.44 As Dunn
points out: It is not that he identifies Christ with the divine
Logos of Hellenistic Judaism or Stoicism and goes on from that to
identify Christ (the Logos) with the word (logos) of preaching; it
is rather that Christ is the heart and substance of the kerygma,
not so much the Word as the word preached. Dunn draws attention to
two key passages, which on the surface seem to be very close to the
understanding of the Logos in the Prologue, Luke 1.2 and Acts
10.3637a:45 Luke 1.2: kaqwj pare&dosan h(mi=n oi( a)p' a)rxh=j
au)to&ptai kai u(phre&tai geno&menoi tou= lo&gou
Acts 10.3637a: ton lo&gon [o3n] a)pe&steilen toi=j ui(oi=j
I)srahl eu)aggelizo&menoj ei)rh&nhn dia I)hsou= Xristou=,
ou[to&j e)stin pa&ntwn ku&rioj, u(mei=j oi1date to
geno&menon r(h=ma kaq' o3lhj th=j I)oudai&aj It would be
possible to see in these texts a reference to a personified Word,
incarnated in Jesus. However, it would be wrong to do so. Both
references simply show the degree to which Jesus is central to the
message preached. Indeed, the verse from Lukes preface is a red
herring since Luke strives throughout his preface to use secular
language rather than specifically Christian terminology.46 Luke
could have written in such a way as to make an overt identification
between Jesus and the message which God sent out. However, he does
not do this. Nor does he need to, since, as Dunn has shown, there
is a good tradition 42. Dunn, Christology, pp. 23050 43. Barrett,
St John, cites Luke 8.11, 2 Timothy 2.9, Revelation 1.9 44. Dunn,
Christology, p. 231 gives the following examples: 1 Corinthians
1.23, 15.12; 2 Corinthians 1.19, 4.5; Philippians 1.15; Ephesians
1.9, 3.3f., 6.19; Colossians 1.27, 2.2, 3.16, 4.3. 45. Dunn,
Christology, p. 232 46. Alexander, Preface, p. 123 where she
understands the term to be a reference to those in charge of
passing on the Christian tradition of which they are first hand
witnesses (au)to&ptai). Since the focus is on the passing on of
a tradition and not on Christology, the reference to ministers of
the word is not a reference to servants of Jesus but rather to any
in charge of handing down a message through a tradition. So, later,
p. 201: Unlike the openings of Matthew, Mark and John, [Lukes
preface] contains no promise of revelation, no mention of Jesus, no
overtly religious language at all: such possibly Christian terms as
there are (peplhroforhme&nwn, u(phre&tai tou= lo&gou)
would be opaque to the outsider unfamiliar with the argot of the
Christian tradition, delib- erately muffled by the predominantly
neutral, secular terminology.
18. NEW 06 Prologue of the Fourth Gospel.qxd 18/08/2005 13:15
Page 206 206 The Prologue of the Fourth Gospel particular phrase
often used in association with God, tme)vwe dsexe bra.281 Is this
phrase a translation of the Hebrew? If so, does the reader need to
know this to understand this text? We need to make a more detailed
exploration of the terms involved. xarij & Xa&rij refers to
a kindness shown. Hence, LSJ suggest that the semantic domain
covers the following areas: beauty, glory, grace, kindness,
goodwill, partiality, favour, gratitude for a gift received,
favour, grant, delight or gratification. The sense is clear the
offering or reception of favour and the resulting feeling in the
recipient282. BAGD, bearing their accustomed theological burden,
mention the possibility that the word can refer to a number of
aspects of Gods relationship with his creation: b. on the part of
God and Christ: the context will show whether the emphasis is upon
the possession of divine grace as a source of blessings for the
believer, or upon a store of grace that is dispensed, or a state of
grace (i.e. standing in Gods favor) that is brought about, or a
deed of grace wrought by God in Christ, or a work of grace which
grows fr. more to more. In fact, xa&rij is a rare term in John,
used only these four times in vv. 1417.283 Barrett, along with most
commentators, links the use of the lexeme to the Hebrew phrase
tme)vwe dsexe bra and suggests that since dsexe is usually
translated in the LXX as e1leoj, it has the meaning grace,
undeserved favour. However, Feuillet and Kuyper have shown that
dsexe could be translated with xa&rij and that the Hebrew words
semantic overlap is in fact closer to xa&rij than to e1leoj.284
Indeed, Kuyper has shown that e1leoj reflects the meaning of the
281. Kuyper, Grace and Truth: An Old Testament Description of God,
and Its Use in the Johannine Gospel, Int 18,1 (1964), pp. 319, p.
3; Brown, John, p. 14. Note, however, Bultmanns comment, John, p.
74 fn.1, where he denies the possibility of linking this phrase
with John 1.14 and Mowvleys insistence that since dsexe is only
translated with xa&rij once (Esther 2.9), then this phrase is
not being echoed. Mowvley prefers to see a link with Exodus 33.16
which includes both a)lhqw~j and xa&rij. However, the words
here are not used together and the arguments for the echo of 34.6
seem much more convincing. 282. Compare Louw-Nidas selection: 88.66
kindness; 57.103 gift; 33.350 thanks; 25.89 good will. BAGD, pp.
87778, suggest: attractiveness, favor, goodwill, gift, thanks,
gratitude 283. Edwards, Grace and Law, p. 3; Kuyper, Grace and
Truth, p. 14. Boismard argues that the term is a sign of the Lukan
redaction of the Gospel; Feuillet, Prologue, p. 114. However, if
this were the case, then we would find xa&rij much more
frequently in the Gospel. 284. On the translation from Hebrew to
Greek, see Brown, John, p. 14 and Kuyper, Grace and Truth, p. 8 and
Dodd, Interpretation, p. 175 tme)vwe dsexe is variously translated,
but most characteristically as e1leoj kai a)lh&qeia. There is,
however, evidence to suggest that in the later stages of the LXX,
and in Hellenistic Judaism, xa&rij came to be preferred to
e1leoj as a rendering of dsexe. So, Feuillet, Prologue, p. 115;
Bultmann, p. 74 fn.1; Schnackenburg, John, p. 272, fn.193; Barrett,
St John, p. 167, Beasley-Murray, John, p. 14; Carson, John, p.
129
19. Leviathan vol1 23/9/03 12:33 pm Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME ONE: INTRODUCTION Preface 3 List of Illustrations 6 List of
Abbreviations 7 I. The Genesis of Leviathan 9 II. Hobbesian Sources
of Leviathan 18 III. The Different Versions of Leviathan 47 III.1.
The Egerton Manuscript 48 III.2. The Head Edition 71 III.3.
Twentieth-Century Reprints of the Head Edition 97 III.3.A. The
Waller Edition 99 III.3.B. The Pogson Smith Edition 101 III.3.C.
The Lindsay Edition 104 III.3.D. The Macpherson Edition 105
III.3.E. The Scolar Press Facsimile 110 III.3.F. The Tuck Edition
111 III.3.G. Excursus: Hobbesian Variants in the Head Edition? 123
III.3.H. The Tricaud Translation 129 III.4. The Bear Edition 130
III.5. The Ornaments Edition 155 III.6. A Re-edition in 1680? 182
III.7. The 1750 Edition 184 III.8. The Molesworth Edition 201
III.9. Twentieth-Century Pseudo-Editions 213 III.9.A. The Oakeshott
Edition 213 III.9.B. The Curley Edition 217 III.9.C. The Gaskin
Edition 222 III.9.D. The Flathman/Johnston Edition 226 1
20. Leviathan vol1 23/9/03 12:33 pm Page 2 2 INTRODUCTION TO
LEVIATHAN IV. The Latin Leviathan 229 IV.1. A Latin
Proto-Leviathan? 230 IV.2. The Latin Edition of 1668 241 IV.3. The
Later Latin Editions 250 V. The Present Edition 259 VOLUME TWO:
LEVIATHAN List of Abbreviations vii LEVIATHAN 1 The Contents of the
Chapters 5 The rst Part, Of MAN 9 The second Part, Of COMMON-WEALTH
133 The third Part, Of A CHRISTIAN COMMON-WEALTH 291 The fourth
Part, Of THE KINGDOME OF DARKNESSE 481
21. Leviathan vol1 23/9/03 12:33 pm Page 3 PREFACE It will be
no secret that the editors of this critical edition of Thomas
Hobbess Leviathan work from different agendas: the edition of the
works of John Locke on the one hand, the edition of Hobbess Latin
works on the other. Neither of us ever had the intention to focus
on Hobbess English works as such, let alone on his Leviathan. Only
when we happened to be in need of an edition of this work that
would scrupulously note the major variant readings contained in its
various versions, and could nd none, did we reluctantly decide to
take this task upon ourselves. However, only as we went along did
we become aware that, instead of walking on rm ground, we were
imprudently sailing ofer hronrade in an old tub, and about to get
lost in the innities of the Elder Plinys mare Cronium. The late
Franois Tricaud, who had struggled more intensely with Leviathan
than anyone before, denitely knew what he was talking about when he
told us: Le Lviathan, cest un monstre. The only way to escape from
being swallowed by draco iste (Ps. 104:26), this serpens tortuosus
(Is. 27:1), was to limit our enterprise. Fortunately it turned out
just in time that the widespread rumour of Hobbesian corrections in
the so-called Head edition was, in Descartess words, only one of
many fabulas de Leviathan, so that chasing after that mythical,
supposedly best corrected copy (if it were still there) would be as
hopeless as had been the quest for that other whale, Moby-Dick. On
the contrary, we would proceed on the rm rule: one copy, one vote.
This applied also to the so-called Bear and Ornaments editions of
Leviathan so reprehen- sibly neglected in Hobbes research up until
now. And we were in the lucky position of being able to divide the
work. While Karl Schuhmann collated all the text versions used in
this edition (the quantitative part of the work), John Rogers took
all the decisions as to which variants should go into the main text
and which ones were to be relegated to the critical apparatus (the
qualitative aspect of the work). While Karl Schuhmann drafted the
Introduction, John Rogers controlled and shaped it in the way it
appears here. If our edition does not fall too far short of its
goal, we may put an end to this cetacean undertaking of ours with
Petrarchs comforting words so dear to Schopenhauer: satis est. We
can only hope that, as in the case of that shanty celebrity, the
whaler Reuben Ranzo, so also with this adventure of ours alls well
that ends well. But even though other interludes tend to be shorter
than this one has been, we look back with great satisfaction at a
period of very pleasing and fruitful collaboration on this shared
project. For us it was a time of exciting and most unexpected
discov- 3
22. Leviathan vol1 23/9/03 12:33 pm Page 4 4 INTRODUCTION TO
LEVIATHAN eries about the textual history of that great work of
political philosophy which goes under so sinister a name:
Leviathan. We most gratefully acknowledge the help and support we
have received from many people and institutions, without which it
would have been impossible to bring this enterprise to a happy end.
This concerns in particular the British Library, the Bodleian
Library and Cambridge University Library, but also the British
Council and the Leverhulme Trust which gave important nancial
support for John Rogerss visits to Utrecht. We also want to thank
the late Franois Tricaud for discussing in all minute detail a
draft of this edition with Karl Schuhmann only a few months before
his death. Thanks also go to Paul Schuurman through whose most
welcome services it was easy for us to acquire copies from the
Bodleain Library in Oxford; to Matthijs van Otegem for his
suggestions concerning the riddle of the Ornaments edition; to Cees
Leijenhorst who critically read a draft of the Introduction; and
especially to Quentin Skinner for his unwavering friendship and his
most generous support of this undertaking of ours, as well as for
his critical reading of a draft of the Introduction G.A.J. Rogers,
Keele University, Karl Schuhmann, University of Utrecht January
2003
23. vol 1 A-J.qxd 12/9/03 11:05 am Page 194 BURMAN time for
study. He studied at the universities of history and Latin
eloquence in Franeker and Leiden (matriculated on 24 September
1685) Amsterdam, was his nephew. and Utrecht (1687). He was
appointed professor extraordinarius of history at Utrecht
BIBLIOGRAPHY University in 1696 and full professor in 1698;
Disputatio juridica inauguralis de from 1703 he also taught
politics. In 1715 he transactionibus (Utrecht, 1688). was appointed
Professor of History at LEIDEN; Oratio de eloquentia et potice
(Utrecht, in 1724 he became