PHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASE AND TREATMENTS

Diagnosing Endocrine Problems

Addison’s Disease

Cause Cortex portion of

adrenal gland underactive

Symptoms Low blood sugar, low

blood Na+, loss of water, tiredness, and yellowing of the skin

Use of cortisone

Myxedema

Cause Occurs in Adults Thyroid gland is

underactive Decreases the production

of thyroxinSymptoms

Lowered metabolism, changes in skin texture, puffiness of the face, a decrease in mental abilities

Treatment Use of thyroid extract

Myxedema

Acromegaly

Cause The pituitary gland

over secretes human growth hormone in adults

Symptoms Bones thicken,

especially in the hands, the feet, and the face

Treatment No available treatment

Cretinism

Cause Little to no thyroxin is

produced from birthSymptoms

In infants, face swells, lips become large, and tongue becomes thick

Physical and mental growth is stunted

Treatment Use of thyroid extract

Dwarfism

Cause Pituitary gland under

secretes human growth hormone

Symptoms Stunted growth Relative size of body

parts is normalTreatments

Use of growth hormone before skeletal growth is completed

Hypoglycemia

Causes Pancreas produces too

much insulinSymptoms

Low blood sugar levels, dizziness, intense hunger, and weakness

Treatment Control of blood sugar

by diet

Hyperthyroidism

Causes Thyroid is overactive,

producing too much thyroxin

Symptoms High metabolic rate,

excitability, rapid speech, anxiety, increased appetite, and weight loss

Treatment Medication to stop

production of thyroxin; surgery if thyroid is enlarged

Hypothyroidism

Cause Thyroid is underactive, producing too little thyroxin

Symptoms Low metabolic rate, dry skin, reduced alertness, and

weight gainTreatment

Use of thyroid extract

Diabetes Mellitus

Causes Little or no insulin is

produced by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

Symptoms Uncontrolled blood sugar

levels, excessive urination, weakness, excessive appetite, and weight loss

Treatment Careful planning of diet Exercise Regular injections of

insulin

Diabetes insipidus

Cause Posterior lobe of pituitary gland is underactive,

producing too little vasopressin Very uncommon Due to head injury or tumor

Symptoms Excessive thirst and increased urination Kidney’s unable to conserve water

Treatments Careful planning of diet

Complete the case studies on the back!

Bellwork Matching: They may have more than one answer.

1. TSH2. FSH3. ADH4. OT5. GH6. LH

a. Luteinizing hormoneb. Labor contractions, milk ejectionc. Stimulates body cell divisiond. Thyroid stimulating hormonee. Oxytocinf. Antidiuretic Hormoneg. Ovulation, formation of corpus

luteumh. Follicle stimulating hormonei. Reabsorption of water, elevation of

blood pressure and volumej. Estrogen secretion, sperm

maturationk. Secretion of thyroid hormonesl. Promotes long bone growth

Outline for Endocrine Test

Performance enhancing drugs EPO, testosterone, blood doping, GH, steroids, Effects as a performance enhancing drug Possible side effects of drugs

Label organs/glands of endocrine system Hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary gland, parathyroid,

thyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, ovaries, testesHormones: actions/functions and site of

production Aldoesterone, cortisol, epinephrine, GnRH, estrogen,

insulin, glucagon, PTH, melatonin, ADH, oxytocin, FSH, LH, testosterone, thymosin, cacitonin, HCG