Direct Instruction

Hope Belle-PayneIDE 650

Monday, July 7, 2008

Ponder This

When instruction is delivered by “Most Effective Teachers”....

“How do I educate and ensure success for all my students?”

Direct Instruction to the rescue!

Background Information

Teacher-centered

Systematic instruction

Scripted

Emphasis is on mastery of subject matter

Elementary school reading comprehension and math instruction

Creator: Siegfried Engelmann

Adopted as the “official” model for teaching in North Carolina

Direct Instruction

Barak Rosenshine Robert Gagne Siegfried Engelmann Madeline Hunter

Direct Instruction

This should be the focus of the process of instruction.

The TEACHER

Direct Instruction

Four major categories of instructional events:

• Presentation• Practice

• Assessment & Evaluation

• Monitoring & Feedback

A Transactional Model of Direct Instruction

Presentation includes five events, three of which are considered together in a subcategory labeled “Overview.”

* Overview

• Explanation

• Demonstration

• Review

• What• Why

Direct Instruction: Presentation

Activate Prior knowledge

Link the lesson to review previous lesson

Overview: Review

Student

Teacher

Direct Instruction: Presentation

Presents the specific concept(s) and skill(s)

Listen for stated objective and what should be learned at by the end of lesson.

Overview: What

Teacher

Student

Direct Instruction: Presentation

States a reason for learning the skill(s) or concept(s)

Relate lesson to real world or own interests; discuss how the skill or concept can be applied to other subject areas

Overview: Why

Teacher

Student

Direct Instruction: Presentation

Develops or explains the concepts and skills to be learned

Hear an explanation; use manipulative materials; have class discussions; watch videos; read explanations in textbooks; interact with computer

Explanation

Teacher

Student

Direct Instruction: Presentation

Probes students as to their initial understanding of concepts and skills

Answer teacher questions; verbalize understandings; generate examples and non-examples of a concept

Demonstration

Teacher

Student

Direct Instruction: Practice

Practice includes three events:

• Guided Practice

• Independent Practice

• Periodic Review

Direct Instruction: Practice

Closely supervises the students’ proficiency by completing one or two short tasks

Read a paragraph aloud; complete one or two math problems; complete an activity on the board, while others do the same activity at their seats

Guided Practice

Teacher

Student

Direct Instruction: Practice

Allows students to work with little or no teacher interaction

Complete seatwork assignments; complete homework assignments; play games related to specific skills or concepts

Independent Practice

Teacher

Student

Direct Instruction: Practice

Provides students opportunity to have distributed practice on previously covered content and skills

Demonstrate retention of previously learned concepts and skills

Periodic Review

Teacher

Student

Direct Instruction: Assessment & Evaluation

Assessment and evaluation includes two events:

• Daily success

• Mastery

Direct Instruction: Assessment & Evaluation

Checks students work each day and offers corrective instruction as necessary

Complete independent work at or above a given level of proficiency

Daily Success

Teacher

Student

Checks students work at the end of each unit of instruction

Demonstrate knowledge and application of concepts and skills at or above a given level of proficiency

Mastery

Teacher

Student

Direct Instruction: Assessment & Evaluation

Direct Instruction: Monitoring & Feedback

Monitoring and feedback also includes two events:

• Cues and prompts

• Corrective feedback

Provides students with signals and reminders designed to sustain the learning activity and to hold students accountable

Attend to signals and/or reminders continue working on assigned activity

Cues & Prompts

Teacher

Student

Direct Instruction: Monitoring & Feedback

Reiterate correct or incorrect answers & why

Read correct answers aloud; write correct and support solutions to math problems and reading comprehension questions;

Corrective Feedback

Teacher

Student

Direct Instruction: Monitoring & Feedback

Direct Instruction

In general, all direct instruction models have the following common principles:

• Use examples, visual prompts, and demonstrations• Constant assessment

• Alter pace of instruction

• Effective use of time

•Maintain students' attention