Post on 09-Jan-2020
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˘RÙPdLdLpÆ B£¨Vl ThPVd LpÆDIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.
T⁄Ym ˛ 2
RÙs 210NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ Lt\¤m Lt©jR¤m
˙LW[ AW—˘TÙ’d LpÆj’˚\
UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m (SCERT), ˙LW[m2019
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State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.comPhone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
©Department of EducationGovernment of Kerala
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ÿL‹˚W
4
Es[PdLm
T⁄Ym ˛ 2
RÙs˛210 NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ Lt\¤m Lt©jR¤m
AXœ 1 - ˛ NÍL A±ÆVp ̨ ̆ TÙ⁄s ̨ ÿd°Vj’Ym
AXœ 2 ˛ Lt©jRp EjßLfim T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\Ÿm
AXœ 3 ˛ NÍL A±ÆVp Es[PdLl TœlTÙn‹
AXœ 4 ˛ NÍL A±ÆV¤m ˘RÙØp ÷hTÿm
5
NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ Lt\¤m Lt©jR¤m
˘UÙjR ˙SWm: 75 U¶d·o
˘UÙjR Ußl˘TiLs: 10
ÿL‹˚W
NÍL A±ÆVp ̨ Lt\¤m Lt©jR¤m Gu‡m RÙs •.Gp.Gh LpÆj
ßhPjßp CWi”m SÙuœm RÙsL∞p EhT”jRlTh”s[].
BWmTl Ts∞d LpÆ´u TÙLUÙLf NÍL A±ÆVp
TÙPjßhPeLs T¨UÙt\m ̆ NnYRtœs[ A•lT˚Pd L⁄j’dLfim
ß\uLfim ˘Ttfld˘LÙsY˙RÙ”, Lt©jRp ß\uLfim B£¨V
UÙQYoL∞p E⁄YÙL ˙Yi”m Gu\ ˙SÙdœPu CkRl TÙPm
T•dL˙Yi”m. CWiPÙm T⁄Yjßp ˘UÙjRm SÙuœ AXœL[ÙLf
NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPjßu ˘TÙ⁄s, ÿd°Vj’Ym, TWYp, Lt©jRp
ÿ˚\Ls, L⁄j’lT¨UÙt\eLs, TÙPjßhP TœlTÙn‹, RLYp
˘RÙØp÷hTj˚Rl TVuT”j’Rp ˙TÙu\ ’˚\L∞p
LXk’˚WVÙPp ˘NnVlT”°\’. T⁄Ym SÙu°¤m, SÙuœ AXœLs
Es[]. CRuÍXm NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPjßhPm L⁄j’dLfiPu
˘RÙPo◊˚PV LpÆf ˘NVpTÙh•u ßhP™Pp, Ußl©Pp,
BWÙnf£f ˘NVpTÙ”Ls, Ts∞ A‡TYf ˘NVpTÙ” ˙TÙu\
’˚\L∞p LXk’˚WVÙPp SPd°\’.
CWiPÙm T⁄Ym ®˚\‹˘TflY’Pu U≤R YÙrd˚LŸPu
˘RÙPo◊˚PV CPm, LÙXm, ®Lrf£Ls, AßLÙW A˚Ul◊,
®flY]eLs CVt˚L ®Lr‹Ls, NÍL ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWj ˘RÙPo◊Ls
˙TÙu\˚YL˚[ ÆUoN]d Li˙QÙhPj’Pu Ußl©P‹m. NÍL
®˚XL˚[ A˚PVÙ[m Li” N¨VÙ] æoUÙ]eLs G”lTRtLÙ]
ß\u ̆ T\‹m˙Yi”m. Aj’Pu Ik’, Bfl, H›, Gh” Yœl◊L∞p
NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPl TœßL˚[l T¨UÙt\m ˘NnYRtLÙ]
A•lT˚Pd L⁄j’dLfim ˘T\˙Yi”m. ARt˙Lt\ Es[PdLm
CWiPÙm T⁄Yjßp EhT”jRlTh”s[’. Ju\Ùm T⁄Yjßp Lt\
—tfll◊\jßu ˘RÙPof£Ÿm Y[of£Ÿm CeœdLÙQXÙm.
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AXœ˛1
NÍL A±ÆVp ˘TÙ⁄s,
ÿd°Vj’Ym, TWYp
AXœ ˛ 2
NÍL A±ÆVp
Lt©jRp EjßLfim
T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\Ÿm
AXœ ˛ 3
NÍL A±ÆVp
TÙPjßhPl TœlTÙn‹
AXœ ˛ 4
NÍL A±ÆVp
LpÆŸm RLYp ˘RÙØp
÷hTÿm
ÿd°V ˙SÙdLeLs
AXœ ˛ 1: NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ ˘TÙ⁄s, ÿd°Vj’Ym, TWYp.
$ Y˚WV˚\, Lt\p ˙SÙdLm, TÙPjßu Ru˚U.
$ Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp ©¨‹Lfim AYt±t°˚P˙VVÙ] ˘RÙPo◊m ˛ YWXÙfl,
◊Æ´Vp, ˘TÙ⁄∞Vp AW£Vp A±ÆVp, NÍLÆVp.
$ BWmTdLpÆlTÙP HtTÙh•p CYt±u ÿd°Vj’Ym EhT”jRp.
AXœ ˛ 2. NÍL A±ÆVp , ˛ Lt©jRp EjßLfim, T¨UÙt\ A‘œ ÿ˚\Lfim.
$ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p GRtœ? GlT•?
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
$ NÍL A±ÆV≠u, Y˚WV˚\, ˘TÙ⁄s, TWYp, Ti◊,
ÿd°Vj’Ym, CXh£Vm ˙TÙu\˚YL˚[ A±k’
ERÙWQj’Pu Æ[dœRp.
$ Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp ©¨‹L∞u A±˚Yl
TVuT”jß, NÍLl TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnRp.
$ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠u, ÿd°Vj’Ym Lt©jRp
ÿ˚\ B°VYt˚\ Æ[dœRp.
$ UÙQYo, Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\, B£¨Vo B°˙VÙ⁄dœ
NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠¤s[ Te°˚] Æ[dœRp.
$ NÍL A±ÆVp TÙP HtTÙh”l T¨UÙt\
A‘œÿ˚\˚Vl ◊¨k’˘LÙi” Tp˙Yfl Lt©jRp
EjßL˚[ Yœl©p TVuT”j’Rp.
$ TÙPl TœlTÙnÆu ÍXm TÙPjßhPjßp (5, 6, 7, 8
Yœl◊Ls) Tp˙Yfl LÙW¶L˚[ A±k’ Th•V≠”Rp.
Es[PdL A±Æ˚]l ˘Tfl°\ÙoLs.
$ TÙPjßhP T¨UÙt\m TV‡s[RÙdœYßp RLYp
˘RÙØp÷hTjßu ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rd Li”©•j’l
Tß‹ ˘NnRp.
$ TÙPjßhP T¨UÙt\jßp RLYp ˘RÙØp÷hTjßu
YÙnl◊Ls, „r®˚XLs B°VYt˚\d Li”©•j’l
TVuT”j ’YRtLÙ] A±˚Yl ˘TflRp.
7
$ UÙQYu
$ Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\
$ Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ls ˛ EjßLs ˛ Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”.
$ B£¨V¨u Teœ.
$ NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\
˛ œZk˚R ˚UVm
˛ ˘NVpYØd LpÆ
˛ —tflf„Zp ˘RÙPo◊˚PV’.
˛ ©Wf£˚]L˚[ EhT”jßV˚Y
˛ ˙RPp NÙokR’.
˛ A±YÙdLjßtœ EhThP’.
˛ ÆUoN] A±˚Y Y[Wf ˘NnY’.
AXœ ˛ 3. NÍL A±ÆVp TÙP HtTÙh”l TœlTÙn‹
$ 5, 6, 7, 8 Yœl◊L∞p NÍL A±ÆVp TÙP HtTÙ”
$ Lt\p A˚P‹L∞u ˘RÙPof£Ÿm Y[of£Ÿm.
$ ÿd°V ˙SÙdLeLs, L⁄j’dLs, ·tflLs.
$ Ußl◊Ls, ß\uLs, U]lTÙeœLs
$ Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˛ EjßLs
$ Lt\p LڮLs.
$ EtTjßl ˘TÙ⁄hLs.
AXœ ˛ 4. NÍL A±ÆV¤m RLYp ˘RÙØp÷hTÿm
$ NÍL A±ÆV≠p RLYp ˘RÙØp÷hTjßu ÿd°Vj’Ym
$ T¨UÙt\jßp TVuT”jRd·•V ˘RÙØp÷hTeLs, L⁄ÆLs.
$ ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄hLs.
$ ˘Yl ˙TÙohP¤Ls, Y˚XjR[eLs.
$ ◊˙[ÙdœLs.
$ ˘Y∞¬”L˚[j RVÙo ˘NnYRtLÙ] „r®˚XLs.
$ ™u ˛ Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ls.
$ ..................................................
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AXœ ˛ 1
NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ ˘TÙ⁄s, ÿd°Vj’Ym, TWYp
ÿu‡˚W
U≤R≤u NÍL YÙrd˚L˚Vd ˚LVÙ[‹m AYt±u LpÆdœ A±ÆVp ÿ˚\˚Vl
TVuT”jR‹m ER‹°u\ LpÆ ÿ˚\˙V NÍL A±ÆVp. NÍL Y[of£´p RÙdLm
˘N¤j’m ®Lrf£Ls, L⁄j’dLs, Æ˚[‹Ls, ®flY]eLs B°VYt˚\d œ±j’s[
Jufld˘LÙufl ˘RÙPo◊˚PV’m U≤R˚] ˚UVlT”jßV’UÙ] LpÆ˙V NÍL A±ÆVp.
U≤R ˘RÙPo◊Ls, NÍL U]®˚XLs, Ußl◊Ls GuT˚YL˚[l Tt±Ÿs[ Li˙QÙhPm
UÙQYoL∞p Y[odL˙Yi”m. R≤SToLfidœ C˚P´¤m, R≤ST⁄dœm NÍLjßtœm
C˚P´¤m, NÍLjßtœm CVt˚Ldœm C˚P˙VŸm Es[ ˘RÙPo◊L˚[d œ±j’s[
Bn‹m TœlTÙn‹m S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi”m.
NÍLjßu T¨QÙU Y[of£˚Vd LiP±k’ NÍL UÙt\jßtdLÙLf ˘NVpT”YRtœj
˙R˚YVÙ] ß\uL˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm Y[ojRp, NÍL EQo‹P‡m UÙ≤P _]SÙVLd
˘LÙs˚L˚Vd L˚P©•j’f ˘NVpT”YRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] J⁄ YÙrd˚Ld LXÙfNÙWj˚R
Y[ojRp GuT˚Y NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ ÍXm S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi”m. J⁄ ÿd°V Ts∞l
TÙPm Gu\ ®˚X´p NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u ÿd°Vj’Yÿm A’˙YRÙu. NÍL
A±ÆV≠u Y˚WV˚\, ˘TÙ⁄s, Ti◊Ls, TWYp, ˙SÙdLm B°V˚YŸm NÍL A±ÆVp
TÙPeLfid °˚P˙VVÙ] ˘RÙPo◊Lfim CkR AX°p LXk’˚WVÙPlT”°\’.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
1. NÍL A±ÆV≠u Y˚WV˚\, ˘TÙ⁄s, TWYp, œQm, ˙SÙdLm ˙TÙu\˚YL˚[l
©¨jR±k’ ERÙWQj’Pu Æ[dœRp.
2. Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp ©¨‹L∞p A±˚Yl TVuT”jß NÍLl TœlTÙn‹
SPjRlT”°\’.
ÿd°V ˙SÙdLeLs
$ NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ Y˚WV˚\
˛ ˘TÙ⁄s
˛ TWYp
˛ œQm
˛ ˙SÙdLm
$ BWmTl Ts∞L∞p NÍL TœlTÙn‹dœl TVuT”j’°u\ Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp
°˚[Ls.
˛ YWXÙfl
˛ ◊Æ´Vp
˛ ˘TÙ⁄∞Vp
˛ AW£Vp A±ÆVp
˛ NÍLÆVp
9
1.1 NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ Y˚WV˚\
BWmTLÙXeL∞p NÍL TÙPUÙL˙Y NÍL A±ÆV˚X EhT”jß´⁄kR]o. Cufl NÍL
TÙPjßu ©¨‹Ls Y[of£ A˚PkR’Pu Es[PdLjߤm Lt\p ÿ˚\´Xm A±ÆVp
ÿ˚\L˚[d ˚LVÙ[‹m ˘NnVj ˘RÙPe°V’Pu AR˚]f NÍL A±ÆVXÙL
Htfld˘LÙiP]o. SU’ TÙP HtTÙ”m TÙPl◊jRLeLfim NÍL A±ÆVXÙL˙Y ˚YdLl
Th”s[]. NÍL A±ÆV≠u £X Y˚WV˚\L˚[l T¨˙NÙR˚] ˘NnVXÙm.
U≤R˚]Ÿm AY]’ NÍLÿm ˘T¸æLm NÙokR’UÙ] „ZpL∞p AYu ˘Nn°u\
D”TÙ”L˚[Ÿm Tt± G”j’˚Wd°u\ NÍLÆVp U≤R E\‹Ls, œ•UL‡Qo‹, T´t£
˙TÙu\Yt˚\ ˚UVlT”j’m L⁄jRÙœm.
˛ ˚Ud˙L≠v
“U≤R ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u LpÆ˙V NÍL A±ÆVp.” ˛ NÙoXv ˙To”
“U≤Ru ˘RÙPoTÙ] RLYpLs APe°V A±ÆVp £kR˚]L∞u ˘NpY˙U NÍL
A±ÆVp”
˛ ˙_mv ˚a (James High)
©WTgNm NÙokR’m E´¨Vp NÙokR’m, E[ÆVp NÙokR’UÙ] Bt\pL∞u TX]ÙL J⁄
T¨QÙUf ˘NV¤dœ EhTh•⁄dœm U≤R NÍLjßu ˙RÙt\m Y[of£, A˚Ul◊
B°VYt˚\d œ±jR LpÆ˙V NÍL A±ÆVp Bœm.
˛ ˙TWÙ£¨Vo. ©WÙg°≠u ©¨•m°v.
“U≤R œXj˚Rd œ±j’s[ A±‹lÈoYUÙ]’m ÿ˚\VÙ]’UÙ] LpÆ˙V NÍL
A±ÆVp. U≤R œXjßu ˙RÙt\m, Y[of£, ®flY]eLs, E\‹Ls B°VYt˚\d œ±j’m
NÍL YÙrÆtœhThP L⁄j’dL˚[d œ±j’m Bn‹ ˘Nn°u\ LpÆj ’˚\˙V NÍL
A±ÆVp.”
˛ GuLÙohP, Gu˚Nd˙[Ù¿•VÙ˛2005.
NÍL A±ÆVp ˘RÙPoTÙL ˙U˙X ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ Y˚WV˚\L˚[ ƨYÙLl
T¨˙NÙßdL‹m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ Y˚WV˚\´‡˚PV‹m ÿd°V ˙SÙdLeL˚[d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi”
NÍL A±ÆV¤dœ øeL˙[ J⁄ Y˚WV˚\˚Vj RVÙo ˘NnŸeLs.
1.2 NÍL A±ÆV≠u ˘TÙ⁄fim œQÿm
1.2.1 NÍL A±ÆV≠u ®˚XLs
NÍLj߇˚PV Y[of£˚VŸm T¨QÙU ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm œQeL˚[Ÿm A˚PVÙ[m Li”
NÍLj˚Rf œ›YÙL YØSPj’m ÿVt£´p ReLfi˚PV Te˚L A±k’ ˘NVpT”YRtœf
NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ ERÆ ˘Nn°\’. R≤U≤R‡m NÍLUÙL‹s[ ˘RÙPo◊Ls
Y≠˚UV˚Pk’ NÍLj ˘RÙPo◊L∞≠⁄k’ R≤STo Y[of£ S˚P˘T\˙Yi”UÙ´u NÍL
E\‹L˚[l Tt± R≤ST⁄dœf N¨VÙ] Li˙QÙhPm C⁄dL˙Yi”m. R≤SToL∞u
D”TÙh•tœj ˙R˚YVÙ] YØÿ˚\L˚[f NÍLjßp C⁄k’ ˘Ttfld˘LÙi” NÍLl
©Wf£˚]L∞p £\kR ÿ˚\´p D”T”YRtœm A˚]Y⁄dœm CVX˙Yi”m. —⁄dLUÙLf
˘NÙu]Ùp C’˙Y NÍL A±ÆVp.
10
$ U≤R≤u NÍL YÙrd˚L˚Vd ˚LVÙsY’m AR‡˚PV LpÆdœ A±ÆVp
ÿ˚\˚Vl TVuT”jR‹m ˘NnRp.
$ Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeL∞u L⁄j’dL˚[ J⁄e°˚Qj’ ˘Y∞´”°\
J⁄ £\l◊l TÙPl©¨YÙœm.
$ U≤RY[ Ußl◊Ls, AW£VX˚Ul◊ Ußl◊Ls, ÿt˙TÙdœf £kR˚] ˘RÙPoTÙ]
NÍL EQo‹Ls, ˙TÙu\Yt±tœ EhThP Li˙QÙhPj˚R œZk˚RL∞Pm
Y[Wf˘NnYRtœ ERÆ ˘Nn°\ Lt\p ˘TÙ⁄[Ùœm.
$ ®˚XVÙ] Y[of£d Li˙QÙhPm CVt˚Lf ˘NpYeL˚[l TÙ’LÙjRp, _]SÙVL
EQo‹, ˘TÙfl˚U Tp˙Yfl LXÙfNÙWj˙RÙ”m, YÙrd˚Lÿ˚\L˙[Ù”ÿs[ BRW‹
ÿR≠V UiPXeLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊s[ Ußl◊Lfim, U]®˚XLfiÿs[ œ•UL˚]
E⁄YÙdL ERÆ ˘Nn°\ TÙPl©¨‹.
$ U≤R‡dœm U≤R‡dœm, U≤R‡dœm CVt˚Ldœm, U≤R‡dœm
NÍLjßtœ™˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo˚Td LiP±Rp.
$ NÍLUÙdLp Æ˚]˚Vf ˘NnV ERÆ˘Nn°\’.
$ U≤R NÍLjßu ®˚X˚V Ußl¿” ˘Nn°\’.
$
$
NÍL A±ÆVp B£¨Vo ˚L˙Vh•p Es[ ÿu‡˚WLs, LpÆd œ›Æu A±d˚LLs,
TÙo˚Y ËpLs ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Bn‹ ˘Nn’, ·”Rp ˘NnßL˚[d Li”©•l¿oLs
ApXYÙ?
1.2 NÍL A±ÆV≠u œQm
NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u œQf £\l◊Ls 5, 6, 7 NÍL A±ÆVp TÙP ◊jRLeLs B£¨Vo
˚L˙V”, Gu.≥.Gl 2005, ˘L.≥.Gl 2011 C˚YL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Li”©•j’ Ceœd
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ AhPY˚Q˚V ƨ‹T”j’L. NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ.
$ A±ÆVp ÿ˚\˚V G”j’˚Wdœm U≤RY[ E\‹L∞u LpÆ.
$ ˘NVpÿ˚\Lfidœ ÿd°Vj’Ym ˘LÙ”jRp.
$ Ei˚UVÙ] YÙrd˚Lf „r®˚X ˘Y´PlT”°\’.
$ NÍL Y[of£ ßhP™PlT”°\’.
$ U≤R E\‹L˚[l Tt±d LtT’.
$ U≤R œXY[of£d LpÆ S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlT”°\’.
$ NÍL YÙrd˚L˚V ®˚X®flj’°\’.
$ Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeL∞u J⁄e°˚Ql◊.
$ YÙrÆVp EQo˚Yj ˘RÙh”Q⁄m LpÆ.
NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ
G’ T•dL˙Yi”m GuT’ ˙TÙX˙Y ÿd°VUÙ]’ GlT•l T•dL˙Yi”m GuT’.
AR]Ùp NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPjßp Es[PdLjßtœm ˘NVpÿ˚\dœm NUUÙ]
ÿd°Vj’Ym C⁄dL˙Yi”m. NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPjßu ÍXm ˘T\˙Yi•V £X ÿd°V
˘NVpÿ˚\j ß\uLs ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
11
$ Etfl˙SÙdLp
$ RLYp ˙NL¨l◊
$ Y˚LlT”jRp
$ Jl◊˚UlT”jRp
$ TœlTÙn‹
$ ˘TÙ’˚UlT”j’Rp
$ ÿ•‹L˚[ E⁄YÙdœRp
$ ÿu]˙W A±ÆjR¤m F°jR¤m
$ Lt\p L⁄ÆL˚[l TVuT”j’Rp.
$
$
CRtLÙ] LpÆ A‡TYeLs UÙQYoLfidœd °˚PdL˙Yi”m. NÍLj’Pu ̆ RÙPo◊˚PV
©Wf£˚]Ls, ®Lr‹Ls ˙TÙu\˚YL˚[d œ±j’d LXkRÙn‹m AYt±u LÙWQeL˚[d
LiP±R¤m Æ[dLeLfim TÙPlTœßLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊T”jß SPdL˙Yi”m.
$ U≤Ru C’Y˚W´¤m ˘Tt\ A±‹L˚[Ÿm A±˚Y E⁄YÙdœm ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm
TVuT”jßl ◊ßV A±‹dLÙ] ˘RÙPo ˙RP˘X A±ÆVp GuTRu ˘TÙ⁄[Ùœm.
A±ÆVp ÿ˚\´p ©Wf£˚]j æo‹ YØVÙL˙Y A±ÆVp A±‹m ˘NVpÿ˚\j
ß\uLfim °˚Pd°\’. Im◊XuL˚[l TVuT”jß Etfl˙SÙdLp, Bn‹, Jl¿”,
ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄Rp B°V ˘NVpÿ˚\L˙[ A±ÆV≠u ÿ˚\Ls. A±ÆVp ˙RP≠u
Tp˙Yfl ’˚\L∞XÙL TWÆVRÙp ARtœ HWÙ[m °˚[Lfis[].
$ GpXÙ A±ÆVp °˚[L∞¤m Es[ RÙdLj˚R U≤R≤u Au\ÙP YÙrd˚L´p
LÙQ ÿ•°\’. CYtfls Ei˚ULs, A±‹ ˙LÙhTÙ”, ˘NVpÿ˚\ B°VYt˚\l
˘TÙ⁄fi˚PVRÙL A˚UY’ AYt±u NÍLl ©u]¶´p Æ[dœm ˙T\Ùœm. U≤R
YÙrÆu YWXÙtfll TiTÙh”f NÍL RXeL˚[ UÙt±V’m A±ÆV˙X GuT˚R
A±ÆVp ÿu˙]t\jßu A•lT˚P´p ◊¨k’˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
CRuÍXm ß\uLfim, U]®˚XLfim Ußl◊Lfim Y[o°u\]. NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ
˘NVpÿ˚\d LpÆVÙL ˙Yi”m. ©Wf£˚]L˚[j æolTRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ÆYWeL˚[f
˙NL¨jRp, °˚PjR ÆYWe˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ̆ NnRp, ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄Rp, A˚PkR ÿ•‹L˚[
Bn‹ ˘NnRp, ◊ßV „r®˚X´p TVuT”j’Rp ˙TÙu\ ß\uL˚[ Y[olTRtœj
˙R˚YVÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Ls YœlT˚\´p S˚P˙T\˙Yi”m. J⁄ ˘NVpÿ˚\d LpÆ
ÿ›˚U˘Tflm˙TÙ’, AYu Gu] ß\uL˚[l ˘Tt\Ùu Gufl œZk˚R ◊¨k’˘LÙs[
˙Yi”m. ˘RÙPo LpÆdœ AY˚] C’ RVÙo ˘NnŸm Tp˙Yfl Lt\p ÷‘dLeL˚[
CRtLÙLl TVuT”jR˙Yi”m. L⁄jRWeœ, œ›ÆYÙRm, ÆYÙRm, ˙SoLÙQp, L[lTVQm,
˘NVpßhPm ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆdœl TVuT”jRXÙm Gufl EeLfidœj
˘R¨ŸUpXYÙ? A±ÆVp ÿ˚\˚Vl TVuT”jß NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ S˚P˘Tfl°\’.
NÍL A±ÆV≠u CkRd œQm ˘R¨k’˘LÙsYRtLÙ] HRÙY’ J⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚P BWmTl
TÙPl◊jRLeL∞p C⁄k’ Li”©•j’ ˘Y∞´P‹m. ˘NVpTÙh” ®˚XL˚[ BWÙV‹m.
ERÙWQUÙL J⁄ ˘NVpßhPjßp øeLs D”T”YRÙL C⁄kRÙp Aßp L˚P©•d°u\
˘NVpÿ˚\L˚[ CqYÙfl AhPY˚QlT”jRXÙm.
12
* BWmTd LXk’˚WVÙPp
* ©WfN˚]˚Vd LiP±Rp
* ©WfN˚]˚Vj æolTRtLÙ] J⁄™jR ßhP™Pp
* L⁄’˙LÙs / FLm E⁄YÙdLp
* EjßLs/ L⁄ÆLs (R≤VÙL/œ›YÙL)
* RLYp ˙NL¨jRp
* RLYpL˚[ J⁄e°˚QjRp
* ˘RÙœj’j RLYpL˚[ AX£ BWÙnRp
* ◊¨kR L⁄j’dL˚[l T°ok’˘LÙsfiRp
* ÿ•‹Ls E⁄YÙdœRp
* ˘Y∞´”Rp
* ˘NVpßhP A±d˚L RVÙo ˘NnRp.
$ Ceœl ©Wf£˚]˚Vj æolTRtœ / Lt\¤dœ Htfld˘LÙiP ÿ˚\ G’?
A±ÆVp ÿ˚\´p °˚PdLl˘Tt\ NÙuflL∞u A•lT˚P´¤m, ÆYWeL∞u
A•lT˚P´¤m ÷i¶V ÿ˚\´p TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ ÿ•‹Lfidœ Y⁄m ÿ˚\.
NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u ©\œQf £\l©Vp◊L˚[, TÙPl◊jRLeLs, B£¨Vo ˚L˙V”
˙TÙu\Yt˚\l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Li”©•dL‹m.
1.3. NÍL A±ÆVp ˛ TWYp
NÍL A±ÆV≠p Es[ Es[PdLÿm NÍL A±ÆV≠p Es[ Tp˙Yfl ’˚Ql TÙPeLs,
AYt±t°˚P´¤s[ ˘RÙPo◊ GuTYt˚\l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnVXÙm.
1.3.1 NÍL A±ÆV≠u Es[PdLm
BWmTd LpÆ NÍL A±ÆVp, TÙPl◊jRLeL˚[ øeLs Tp˙Yfl œ›dL[ÙLl©¨k’
TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnL. Cßp ˙NodLlTh”s[ Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeL˚[
AhPY˚QlT”j’L.
TÙPm Yœl◊ AXœ LXk’˚WVÙ”m
L⁄j’dLs
YWXÙfl
◊Æ´Vp
˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW´Vp
NÍLÆVp
AW£Vp A±ÆVp
Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©¤m Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeL∞p LXkRÙ˙XÙ£dLlT”°\
L⁄j’dLs Li”©•dLlTh”s[’ ApXYÙ? Jq˘YÙ⁄ Yœl©¤m Es[ NÍL A±ÆVp
TÙPeL∞u TWYp, ◊¨kRRpXYÙ? Aj’Pu TÙPl◊jReL∞p Es[ TÙPeL∞u TWYp
®oQ´dLlh•⁄lT’ ©¨jR±V ÿ•kRRpXYÙ?
13
NÍL AÆ´≠u Tp˙Yfl ’˚QlTÙPeLfid°˚P˙V Es[ ̆ RÙPo◊.
BWmT Yœl◊L∞p NÍL A±ÆVp ˙NodLlTh”s[ Tp˙Yfl TÙPeLs G˚Y˘Vufl
EeLfidœj ˘R¨ŸUpXYÙ? ∏˙Z ·\lTh”s[ ˘NnßL˚[Ÿm Bn‹ ˘NnL.
$ Jq˘YÙ⁄ ’˚QlTÙPÿm GqYÙfl ˘RÙPo◊T”jRlTh”s[’?
$ Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL˚[ J⁄e°˚Qjß⁄lTßu ˙SÙdLm Gu]YÙL C⁄dœm?
$ LXkRÙ˙XÙ£dœm L⁄j’dLs UÙQY≤u Rœßdœ Ht◊˚PVRÙ?
$ NÍL A±ÆV≠p GpXÙl TÙPeLfim Gl˙TÙ’m ’p≠VUÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m
Gufl EiPÙ?
NÍL A\ÆV≠p HRÙY’ J⁄ L⁄j’Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV J⁄e°˚QkR YÙnl◊L˚[
Bn‹ ˘NnL.
J⁄ Ts∞l TÙPm Gu\ ®˚X´p YWXÙfl, ◊Æ´Vp, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWÆVp, AW£Vp
A±ÆVp NÍLÆVp GuT˚YLs ˙NokR˚Y NÍL A±ÆVp Bœm. BWmTl
TÙPlTœßL∞p Jq˘YÙ⁄ ’˚QlTÙPÿm R≤j’ ®tTßp˚X. UÙQY≤u Rœß˚V
A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi”m NÍLj˚R ˚UVlT”jߟm GpXÙj ’˚QlTÙPeL˚[Ÿm
J⁄e°˚Qj’d L⁄j’dLs ˘Y∞´PlTh”s[].
1.2.3 Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeLfim AYt±u ˘RÙPo◊Lfim.
YWXÙfl: ®LrLÙXf „r®˚XL˚[ ˙St˚\V „r®˚X´p EsYÙe°, GßoLÙXj˚Rl
Tt±Ÿs[ Li˙QÙhPjß˚] E⁄YÙdœYRtœ ER‹°\ TÙPl©¨˙Y YWXÙfl. NÍL
E´¨]UÙL U≤Ru, AYu D”T”m ’˚\L∞p SPj’°u\ D”TÙh•u ÍXm
NÍLjßp HtT”j’°u\ UÙt\eL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’, RY˚\Ÿm, N¨˚VŸm
A±k’˘LÙsYRtœ YWXÙtfllTÙPm Y˚L ˘Nn°\’. LÙXm, CPm, NÍLm, GuT˚Yl
Tt±] ÿ›˚UVÙ] Li˙QÙhPm HtT”Y’Pu NÍLjßu TuÿL Y[of£´u
ÿ›˚UVÙ] ©mTj˚Rd ˘LÙ”lTRtœm NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ ER‹°\’.
◊Æ´Vp: U≤R‡dœm CVt˚Ldœm C˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊ ◊Æ´V≠u
˚UVdL⁄jRÙœm. CVt˚L Æ˚[‹L∞]Ùp U≤Ru ˙Up HtT”m RÙdLeL˚[Ÿm
U≤R≤u D”TÙ”L[Ùp ◊Æ —tflf„Z≠p HtT”j’°u\ UÙt\eL˚[Ÿm ◊¨k’˘LÙi”
TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnYRtœ, ◊Æ´Vp LpÆ ER‹°\’. C’˙TÙu\ CVt˚L Æ˚[‹L˚[
Etfl˙SÙdœYRtœm, Htfld˘LÙsYRtœm —tflf„Zp TÙ’LÙl◊, ®˚XVÙ] Y[of£
˙TÙu\ L⁄j’dL˚[ EsYÙeœYRtœm ◊Æ´Vp LpÆVÙp CV¤m.
˘TÙ⁄∞Vp: EtTjß, TVuTÙ” ˘NpYjßu Æ≤˙VÙLm GuTYt±tœ U≤R≤u
˙U¤s[ Bfi˚U œ±jR LpÆ˙V ˘TÙ⁄∞Vp LpÆ. ◊Æ´p Es[ ˘NpYeL˚[
˙So˚UVÙL‹m A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙUL‹m Æ≤˙VÙLm ˘NnV‹m TVuT”jR‹m Eflß
˘NnVd·•V ÿ˚\´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW TÙo˚Y˚V UÙQYoL∞p HtT”j’YRÙœm
˘TÙ⁄∞Vp LpÆ. Rt˙TÙ’s[ ˘NpYeL[Ùp TV‡s[ ÿ˚\´p TVuT”jR
˙Yi•V ˙R˚Y˚Vd Li”˘LÙs[‹m, TVuTÙh•p ˘LÙi”YW‹m ˘TÙ⁄∞Vp
LpÆVÙp CV¤m.
14
AW£Vp A±ÆVp: UdLs, AW£Vp, Bh£ÿ˚\ ÿR≠VYt˚\d œ±j’s[
LpÆVÙœm. AW£Vp A±ÆVp. SÙ”, AW£Vp E⁄YÙdLj˚R RÙdLm ˘N¤j’°u\
LÙW¶Ls, Bh£Uu\m, Bh£ÿ˚\, Bh£VÙ[oLs, A˚Ul◊Ls, ˙RoRpÿ˚\,
˘TÙfll◊Ls GuT]Yt˙\Ù” œ•UL≤u E¨˚UL˚[Ÿm, LP˚UL˚[Ÿm AW£Vp A±‹d
LpÆ LXk’˚WVÙ”°\’. Tp˙Yfl Bh£ÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm, TRÆL˚[Ÿm, TœlTÙn‹
˘NnV‹m, AYt˚\ U≤R ÿu˙]t\jßtLÙLl TVuT”j’YRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ]
D”TÙ”L˚[ SPjR‹m AW£Vp A±ÆVp LpÆ ER‹°\’.
NÍLÆVp: U≤RœX NÍLjßu A˚Ul◊ NÙokR ®˚XLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] ÆY¨jR¤m,
TœlTÙn‹m ˘LÙiP A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙ] ©¨˙Y NÍLÆVp. U≤R NÍLjßp Es[
Tp˙Yfl LXÙfNÙWeLs, TZdLYZdLeLs, NPeœLs, NÍL E\‹Ls, NhPeLs,
˙TÙu\˚YŸm, A˚Y, NÍL YÙrd˚L´p HtT”jߟs[ UÙt\eL˚[Ÿm NÍLÆVp
LpÆ Æ[dœ°\’. NÍLd LÙW¶L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’, ˘NÙkR NÍLj˚Rl Tt±
N¨VÙ] Li˙QÙhPjß˚] E⁄YÙdL‹m NÍLÆVp LpÆ ER‹°\’.
Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u LpÆ ˙SÙdLeLfim L⁄j’dLfim ˙Up Yœl◊L∞p £\lTÙLl
T•d°\ÙoLs Gu\Ù¤m, C˚Y Juflm R≤j’ ®tTßp˚X. AW£Vp A±ÆV≠p AßLÙW
A˚Ul˚Td œ±j’d LtL˙Yi”˘U≤p ARu YWXÙtfll ©u◊Xj˚RŸm AßLÙW
A˚Ul◊ E⁄Ym ˘LÙsYRtœd LÙWQUÙ] ◊Æ´Vp LÙW¶L˚[Ÿm TœlTÙn‹
˘NnV˙Yi•Ÿs[’. Aj’Pu NÍL E\‹L˚[Ÿm EtTjßd LÙW¶L˚[Ÿm
˘RÙPo◊T”jßd˘LÙi” Uh”˙U AW£V≠p AßLÙW A˚Ul˚Td œ±j’l T•dL ÿ•Ÿm.
CqYÙfl, NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeLfid°˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊m ˘RÙPof£Ÿm C⁄lTR˚]d
LÙQXÙm.
NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u ̇ SÙdLm
NÍL UÙt\eL∞p D”T”Y˙RÙ”, NÍLj˚R ÿu˘]”j’f ˘Np¤Rp Gu°\ ˘TÙfll˚T
®˚\˙Yt\ R≤ST˚Wj RVÙo ˘NnRp GuT˙R NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u ÿRu˚U
˙SÙdLUÙœm. CRtLÙLf N¨VÙ] ÿ•‹L∞p EflßVÙL C⁄k’, NÍLj˚Rl TÙolTRtœm
˙R˚YVÙ] NÍL UÙt\jßp Teœ˙NW‹m ˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄j’ U]®˚XLs, Ußl◊Ls,
ß\uLs GuT˚Y Jq˘YÙ⁄ ST¨Pÿm Y[ok’YW‹m ˙Yi”m. ®LrLÙX NÍL
˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW AW£Vp „r®˚XLs, Gßo˘LÙsfim ©Wf£˚]Ls, NYÙpLs, GuTYt˚\l
TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnYRtœm TV‡s[ D”TÙ”Ls ˘NnYRtœÿs[ ß\˚UŸm NÍL A±ÆVp
LpÆ ÍXm UÙQYoLfidœd °˚Pd°u\]. CkRd œ±d˙LÙfiPu NÍL A±ÆVp
LpÆ´u ˙SÙdLeLs æoUÙ≤dLlTh”s[].
R≤jR≤˙V ÿ›˚UVÙLl ©¨j’d ·\ CVXÙ’ Gu\Ù¤m YNßdLÙL NÍL A±ÆVp
LpÆ´u ˙SÙdLeL˚[j R≤STo NÙokR, NÍLÿm TiTÙ”m, LpÆNÙokR’ G]
Y˚LlT”jRXÙm.
R≤ STo NÙokR
$ U≤R‡dœm ©WTgNjßtœm C˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo˚Tl ◊¨k’˘LÙi” NÍL
Y[of£ ˘NVpÿ˚\´u ˘RÙPo©u £\l˚T ˘Y∞´”Rp.
15
$ U≤R NÍL Y[of£´u Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X´¤m Y[ok’ YkR AßLÙW A˚Ul◊Ls,
Bh£ÿ˚\, Bh£d·PeLs, CYt˚\lTt±d LtTRtœm, ÿ•‹Ls G”lTRtœm
ER‹Rp.
$ ˘NpYjßu EtTjß, T°okR∞jRp, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW E\‹Ls GuTYt˚\l
◊¨k’˘LÙsYRtœm ˘TÙ’fNÍLjßtœl TV‡s[ ÆRjßp CkRl ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW
E\‹L˚[ UÙt± A˚UlTRtœs[ D”TÙ”Lfidœ YÙnl◊ A∞dL.
$ ©WTgNm, ◊Æ, CVt˚Lf ˘NpYeLs C˚YLfim, U≤R≤u Lh”lTÙ•pXÙR
D”TÙ”Ls ÍXm HtT”°\ —tflf„Zp ©Wf£˚]Lfim NÍL A˚Ul©u Y[of£Ÿm,
CYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ E\‹m NÍLY[of£ ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW
E\‹Lfidœs[ CPm, GuT˚YlTt±Ÿs[ ÿ•‹Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ E⁄YÙdœRp
CVt˚Ll TÙ’LÙl©u ˙R˚Y˚Vl ◊¨k’˘LÙsfiRp.
$ _]SÙVLm, NÍLøß, URSp≠QdLm ˙TÙu\ _]SÙVL Ußl◊L˚[
Htfld˘LÙsY˙RÙ” AYt˚\l TÙ’LÙlTRtLÙ] U]®˚X˚V E⁄YÙd°
G”jRp.
$ Æ∞m◊ ®˚X´p Es[ UdL˚[d œ±j’m, Yfl˚U ®˚X˚Vl Tt±V A±˚Y
E⁄YÙdL‹m ˙So˚UVÙ] NÍL ®˚Xdœ ˙Yi• ®˚X˘TflYRtœm AYoL˚[j
RVÙo˘NnV˙Yi”m.
$ NÍLl TœlTÙn‹ ERÆVÙLl Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeL˚[Ÿm AYt±u
A‘œÿ˚\L˚[Ÿm A±ÿLlT”jR‹m.
NÍLÿm TiTÙ”m
* Tp˙Yfl NÍL, ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW, AW£Vp A˚Ul◊Ls U≤R YÙrd˚Ldœ ERY‹m
Lh”lT”jR‹m ̆ Nn°\ ÿ˚\L˚[ Etfl˙SÙdL‹m TV‡s[RÙdL‹ÿs[ ß\uL˚[l
˘TflRp.
* TiTÙh” UW©p ˘T⁄˚U ˘LÙs[‹m AYt˚\l ˙T¶l TÙ’LÙlTRtLÙ]
U]®˚X˚V Y[odL‹m.
* NÍLl ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙW UflT˚Pl©p ÿ›˚UVÙ] D”TÙh”Pu Teœ˘TflRp.
* U≤R E\‹L∞u Ußl◊L˚[l ◊¨k’˘LÙsfiRp.
* N°l◊jRu˚UŸm ◊¨k’˘LÙsfim ß\‡m NUÙRÙ]ÿm, Jtfl˚UŸm UdL∞˚P˙V
Y[Wf˘Nn’, £\lTÙ] SÙh•˚] E⁄YÙdLXÙm Gu\ Sm©d˚L˚V UÙQYoL∞Pjßp
Y[Wf˘NnRp.
* AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPjßu Ußl◊L∞u EhL⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k’˘LÙsfiR¤m
L˚P©•jR¤m. AW£VX˚Ul◊f NhPm T¨k’˚W ˘Nn°\ œ±˙LÙsL˚[
FdœÆlT’m NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPjßu ˙SÙdLUÙœm.
LpÆ NÙokR˚Y
* LpÆ´u A•lT˚P ˙SÙdLeL˚[ ®˚\˙YtflRp.
* NÍLj ß\uL∞u Y[of£dœ YÙnlT∞jRp.
16
* NÍLd LpÆdLÙ] YÙnl©˚] HtT”j’Y˙RÙ” NÍLf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p
HtT”YRtLÙ] ß\˚]Ÿm, U]®˚X˚VŸm Y[ojRp.
* R]’ „r®˚X˙VÙ” C˚Qk’ UÙQY≤u CVt˚LVÙ] Lt\¤dœm Y[of£dœm
„r®˚X˚V HtT”j’Rp.
* NUÙRÙ]jß˚] ®˚XSÙh”YRtLÙ] U]®˚X˚V Y[odL‹m ARtœ˙Yi• ̆ NVpTP
FdœÆdL‹m ˘NnRp.
* —tflf„Zp TÙ’LÙl◊ ˘NVpTÙh•u ˙R˚Y˚V EQok’ Aj’Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV
˘NVpTÙ”L∞p Efll©]WÙL ER‹°\’.
* N¨VÙ] NÍLd Li˙QÙhPj’Pu —tfll◊\f „r®˚X Tt±V ÆØl◊Qo˚Y
Y[olTRtœ ER‹°\ GiQeLs U≤®˚XLs, Ußl◊Ls, ß\uLs GuTYt˚\l
˘Ttfld˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.
U≤R≤u A•lT˚Pj ˙R˚YL˚[ ®˚\˙YtflYRtLÙ] A˚Ul◊L˚[j ß\u Es[’m
TVu Es[’UÙ]RÙL BdL˙Yi”m. NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u œ±d˙LÙfim C’˙Y
Bœm. ˘RÙPdL®˚X Yœl◊L∞¤s[ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p Tp˙Yfl NÍL A±ÆVp
TÙPeL˚[ EhT”jߟm L⁄j’L˚[ J⁄e°˚Qj’m ÿ›˚UVÙ] A±Æ˚]Ÿm
L⁄j’dL˚[Ÿm A˚PŸm ÆRjßp ·\lTh”s[’. CRu YÙ´XÙL U≤R≤u
YÙrÆPUÙ°V CVt˚L˚VŸm EtTjß ˘RÙPoTÙ] E\‹L˚[Ÿm, U≤R E\‹L˚[Ÿm
D”T”°u\ RXeL˚[Ÿm NÍLjߤs[ NhP A˚Ul©˚]Ÿm J⁄e°˚Qj’ Eh˘LÙs[
CVp°\’. U≤R≤u ˙R˚YL˚[ GqYÙfl VÙo ®˚\˙Ytfl°\ÙoLs G]‹m AYt±p
R]’ Teœ Gu] GuT˚RŸm ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ CVp°\’.
˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls
1. 5,6,7 Yœl◊L∞p Es[ NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPl ◊jRLeLs, B£¨Vo ˚L˙V” CYt˚\
Bn‹ ˘Nn’ NÍL A±ÆV≠u œQjß˚] Æ[dœ°\ J⁄ LpÆf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj
RVÙo ˘NnL. NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPjßu œQj˚Rl Tt±V J⁄ œ±l◊j RVÙo ˘NnL.
2. A±ÆVp ÿ˚\˙V NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\¤dœ Htfld˘LÙs[lT”°\’. CR˚]j
˘R∞‹T”j’°\ J⁄ LpÆf ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj RVÙo ˘Nn’ Yœl©p ˘Y∞´h” ˘NVp
®˚XL˚[ AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.
3. J⁄ Ts∞lTÙPm Gu\ ®˚X´p YWXÙfl, ◊Æ´Vp, ̆ TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWm, AW£Vp A±ÆVp,
NÍLÆVp ˙TÙu\˚Y APe°V˙R NÍL A±ÆVp. CkR A±d˚L˚V Cl˘TÙ›’
S˚Pÿ˚\´¤s[ BWmT NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPl ◊jRLeL∞u A•lT˚P´p
Ußl©”L.
4. NÍL A±ÆV≠p Tp˙Yfl ’˚Qd L⁄j’dL∞˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo©˚] S”®˚X
Yœl◊ NÍL A±ÆVp ËpL∞¤s[ H˙R‡m J⁄ L⁄j’YÙ´XÙL ˘Y∞´h”
GßoÆ˚]VÙt\‹m.
5. Ts∞d·P TÙPjßhPjßp NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u ÿd°Vj’Yj˚R
A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” Yœl©p J⁄ œ› LXk’˚WVÙP˚X HtTÙ” ˘NnV‹m.
6. NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ´u ˙SÙdLjßu A•lT˚P´p Tp˙YflThP YÙ£l◊
17
˘TÙ⁄hL∞≠⁄k’ L⁄j’dL˚[f ˙NL¨j’ •¥hPp Æ[dLd LÙh£´˚]j RVÙo
˘NnL.
7. NÍL A±ÆVp Tp˙Yfl ’˚Qd L⁄j’dL∞u ˘RÙPo©˚] ’˚Qd
L⁄j’dL∞≠⁄k’ J⁄ L⁄jß˚] A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” RLYp ˘RÙØp÷hTjßu
ERÆŸPu H˙R‡m J⁄ ÷hTj˚Rl TVuT”jß J⁄ ˘NVpTÙh˚Pj RVÙ¨dL‹m.
Reference
1. Teaching of Social Studies - S.K.Kochhar
2. Teaching of Social Studies - Mangal S.K.
3. Teaching of Social Studies - R.P. Pathak
4. Trends and Developments in Social
Science Education - Ismail Thamarassery
5. National Curriculum Framework 2005
6. ˙LW[l TÙP HtTÙh”f NhPLm ˛ 2011 ˛ Gv.£,C,Bo,•,
7. NÍL A±ÆVp T.B. - Std. V, VI, VII, VIII
8. NÍL A±ÆVp H.B - Std. V, VI, VII, VIII
9. ˙NÙµVp vPºv @˙TÙo - John. V. Machelis - 17th Ed 2011
£phWu Cu ˘P˙UÙdW≥
AXœ ˛ 2
Lt©jRp EjßLfim T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\Ÿm
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
$ NÍL A±ÆVp, Lt\≠u ÿd°Vj’Ym. A‘œÿ˚\ B°V˚Y Æ[dLlT”°u\].
$ UÙQYu, ˘NVpÿ˚\, B£¨Vo B°VYt±tœ NÍL A±ÆV≠¤s[ Te°˚]
Æ[dœ°\’.
$ NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\˚Vl ◊¨k’˘LÙi” ARu R≤jRu˚UL˚[
˘Y∞´”°\ÙoLs.
ÿd°Vd L⁄j’dLs
$ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p ˛ GRtœ, GqYÙfl, Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\, UÙQYu, B£¨Vo,
Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”.
$ ÿd°VUÙ] NÍL A±ÆVp Lt©jRp ÿ˚\Ls
$ NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\.
˛ UÙQYu ˚UVUÙ]’.
˛ ˘NVpTÙh”dœhThP’.
˛ —tfll◊\m ˘RÙPoTÙ]’.
˛ ©Wf£˚]dœhThP A‘œÿ˚\.
˛ Li”©•j’d Lt\p.
˛ A±YÙdLjßtœhThP’.
˛ ÆUoN]f £kR˚]˚V Y[Wf˘NnY’.
NÍL ˛ ˘T¸æL —tfll◊\j ˘RÙPo©˚]d œ±jRÙ] A±ÆVp Lt\˙X NÍL A±ÆVp.
NÍLjßu Y[of£, ÿu˙]t\m CYt˚\d Lh”lT”j’m LÙW¶Ls VÙ‹m NÍL
A±ÆV¤dœs EhT”jRlTP˙Yi”m. UdL∞u SXUÙ] NÍL YÙrÆtœj ˙R˚YVÙ]
A•jR[j˚R E⁄YÙdœYRtœ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p Cu±V˚UVÙRRÙœm. ARtLÙL J⁄
TÙPl˘TÙ⁄s Gu‡m ®˚X´p NÍL A±ÆV˚Xl T¨UÙt\m ˘NnV˙Yi”m. NÍL
A±ÆVp Lt\≠u ÿd°Vj’Ym, A‘œÿ˚\, UÙQYu, Lt\p ˘NVp ÿ˚\, B£¨Vo,
œZk˚RLs B°V LÙW¶Lfidœf NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠¤s[ Teœ, NÍL A±ÆVp
A‘œÿ˚\ Lt\p EjßLs B°V˚Y CqYXœ YÙ´XÙL Æ[dLlT”°\’.
2.1. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠u ÿd°Vj’Ym.
“U≤R œXjßu E\‹L˚[d œ±jRÙ] Lt\˙X NÍL A±ÆVp” ˛Jarolimek.
“NÍL GßoÆ˚]Lfidœd LÙWQUÙ°u\ ˘T¸æL, ˘T¸æLUpXÙR EQo‹Ls J˙W ˙SWjßp
S˚P˘Tflm TWvTW ˘NVp ’˚\L˙[ NÍL A±ÆVXÙœm.” ˛ ˙_mv ˚a (James High -
Teaching Secondary School Social Studies)
19
NÍL A±ÆV˚Xl ˘TÙfljRY˚W´p CkRd ·tfldL∞≠⁄k’ ˘R¨VY⁄Y’ Gu]˘Y≤p
U≤Ru D”T”m GpXÙj’˚\L˚[Ÿm NÍL A±ÆVp Eh˘LÙi”s[’ GuTRÙœm.
U≤RœXjßu Y[of£, ÿu˙]t\m, YWXÙfl, D”T”m ˘T¸æL —tfll◊\m NÍLf —tfll◊\m,
˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWj ˘RÙPo◊Ls, _]SÙVL A˚Ul◊Ls ˙TÙu\ Tp˙Yfl ’˚\L˚[f NÍL
A±ÆVp ’˚\VÙ]’ Bn‹dœhT”j’°\’. NÍL A±ÆV≠p Tp˙Yfl ’˚\Ls /
L⁄j’Lfidœ C˚P˙VVÙ] ˘RÙPo©˚]l ◊¨k’˘LÙsfim ˙Y˚[´p SU’ £kR˚]Ls
J⁄e°˚Qk’ ÿ›˚U A˚P°u\’.
$ Cu˚\V NÍLm LPk’ YkR YØL˚[d Lt\¤dœ EhT”j’m ˙Y˚[´p
˘Y∞VÙ°u\ L⁄j’Ls GßoLÙXj˚R E⁄YÙdœm YØLÙhPpL[ÙL UÙflm. LPkR LÙX
®Lr‹Ls NÍLjßp HtT”jßV UÙt\eL˚[l Tt±V ˛ Bh£ ÿ˚\Ls˛ NÍLj
˘RÙPo◊Ls, ˘RÙØp ’˚\Ls, TiTÙh”j ’˚\ ˙TÙu\Yt˚\l ◊¨k’˘LÙsY’
GßoLÙXj˚R EflßlT”j’YRtœl ˙TÙ’UÙ]˚YVÙœm. NÍL UÙt\eL∞p
TeLÙ∞VÙL C⁄lT’Pu NÍLj˚R ÿu˙]Ùd°d ˘LÙi” ˘Np¤m ˘TÙfll©˚]Ÿm
Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m ®˚\˙Yt\˙Yi”m.
$ ◊Ædœm U≤R‡dœm C˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊ ˛ ◊Æ, øo, LÙtfl, LÙX®˚X, ◊Æ´u
TœßLs, ◊Æ´Vp ®Lr‹Ls B°VYt˚\d œ±jRÙ] A±‹m ARu ¡RÙ]
U≤R≤u D”TÙ”Lfim ˛ E´¨]eL∞u ®˚X˙Tt˚\ GqYÙfl TÙßd°u\’
GuT˚Rl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[ YØYœd°\’. CkRl ◊¨RpLs —tflf„Zp TÙ’LÙl©u
˙R˚Y˚V A±k’˘LÙs[‹m —tflf„Zp TÙ’LÙl◊f ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p D”TP
FdœÆlTRÙL‹m A˚UŸm.
$ NÍL Y[of£, ÿu˙]t\m CYt±u A•lT˚Pd LÙWQeLfis Ju\Ù] ̆ TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWd
LÙW¶Ls ˛ ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls, ®flY]eLs, A˚Ul◊Ls ˛ ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Bn‹dœ
EhT”j’Y’ NÍL A±ÆVXÙœm. ˘TÙ⁄[ÙRÙWj ˘RÙPo©˚]d œ±jRÙ] (EtTjß,
TVu, TWYp) Bn‹ S˚P˘Tfl°\’.
$ _]SÙVL Bh£ A˚Ul◊Ls, ÿ˚\Ls, R≤jRu˚ULs B°V˚Y ©\ Bh£
A˚Ul◊ ÿ˚\LfiPu Jl◊˚UlT”j’YRtœm _]SÙVL Bh£ ÿ˚\´p
—VLP˚ULs, ̆ TÙfll◊Ls, E¨˚ULs B°VYt˚\l ◊¨k’ ̆ LÙs[‹m NÍL A±ÆVp
BnÆu YØVÙL CV¤°\’.
$ ˘Yq˙Yfl NÍLeL˚[d œ±j’m Jq˘YÙ⁄ NÍLjßtœ Es˙[ ˘RÙPok’
®Lrk’˘LÙi•⁄dœm UÙt\eL˚[d œ±j’m NÍL A±ÆVp TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn°\’.
$ Tp˙Yfl NÍLeL∞u TiTÙh” ˙YflTÙh˚Pl ◊¨k’˘LÙs[‹m ˛ ˙YPm, ˘UÙØ,
TZdLYZdLeLs, NPeœLs, YÙrd˚Lÿ˚\, NÍL ®flY]eLs ˛ YØTÙh” ÿ˚\Ls
˛ AYt±u CVp◊Ls ˙TÙu\Yt˚\ Ae∏L¨lTRtLÙ] U]®˚X˚V E⁄YÙdL‹m
NÍL A±ÆVp Bn‹ YØ˙LÙ¤°\’. —⁄dLUÙL. U≤Ru D”T”m
GpXÙj’˚\L˚[Ÿm A±k’˘LÙs[‹m NÍLjßp —V TRÆ˚VŸm ˘TÙfll˚TŸm
A±k’˘LÙsYRtœm NÍL A±ÆVp Bn‹ YØYœd°\’. NÍL A±‹˚PV,
_]SÙVL Ußl◊L˚[ Eh˘LÙsfim J⁄ R˚Xÿ˚\˚V E⁄YÙdœYRtLÙLf NÍL
A±ÆVp BnÆ˚] ™L‹m ÿd°Vj’Yj’Pu A‘L ˙Yi”m.
2.2. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p ÿ˚\.
NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠u TœßVÙL YhPÙW YWXÙt˚\l Tß‹ ˘NnV˙Yi”UpXYÙ?
Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pf ˘NnYRtœ Gu˘]u] ÿu˙]tTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnV˙Yi”m?
$ œ±l©hP YhPÙWjßu ◊Æ´Vp R≤jRu˚UL˚[l T¨˙NÙßdL˙Yi”m.
$ °˚PjR RLYp E˚\ÆPeLs ˘RÙPoTÙ] A±˚Y E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m. YWXÙtfl
GfNeLs, YWXÙtflf £u]eLs, H”Ls, IæLeLs, ÿß˙VÙ¨u A±‹Ls,
A‡TYeLs, ULÙuL˚[d œ±jRÙ] RLYpLs B°VYt˚\j RW‹L[ÙL
Htfld˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.
$ RLYp ˙NL¨jR¤dœl TVuT”j’m £\kR EjßL˚[j æoUÙ≤dL˙Yi”m.
Etfl˙SÙdLp, ˙SoLÙQp, Tß‹ ˘NnRYt±u T¨˙NÙR˚] ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] EjßLs G˚Y
GuT˚RŸm æoUÙ≤jRp ˙Yi”m.
$ RLYp ˙NL¨dœm ÿ˚\ GqYÙfl A˚UV ˙Yi”m Gu\ æoUÙ]m ÿd°VUÙ]RÙœm.
œ›f ˘NVpTÙPÙL C⁄kRÙp Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Æ¤m GjR˚] ˙To C⁄dL˙Yi”m.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Æ¤m ˚LVÙ[˙Yi•V RLYpLs G˚Y? G] YNßd˙Lt\ ÿ˚\L˚[l
©uTt\˙Yi”m.
$ ˙NL¨jR RLYpL˚[ YWXÙtfll TßÆtœ Ht\YÙfl Y˚LlT”jßj ˘RÙœdL˙Yi”m.
$ ˘RÙœjRYt˚\l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Cu˚\V LÙXLhPj’Pu Jl©h” ÿ•‹L˚[
E⁄YÙdL˙Yi”m.
$ ÿ›˚UVÙ]’m A±ÆVp ÈoYUÙ]’UÙ] Tß‹ ˘NnRp Cu±V˚UVÙRRÙœm.
$ L⁄jRWeLm, NÍL FPLeLs, ˘Y∞¬”Ls B°V˚Y YÙ´XÙLl T¨UÙt\ÿm
˘NnVXÙm.
Cf˘NVpTÙh•u Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X´¤m B£¨V¨u Etfl˙SÙdLp, D”TÙ”Ls, ERÆ
B°V˚Y UÙQY¨u —RkßWUÙ] ˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœ ER‹YRÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m.
CkR YhPÙW YWXÙtfll Tß‹L˚[ J⁄ Lt\p ˘NVpTÙPÙLl ©uTt\ CV¤UÙ?
Cf˘NVpTÙh˚Pd L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ ·tflL˚[ Ußl©”eLs.
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]Yt˚\ C˚QdL‹m ˘NnVXÙm.
$ Cf˘NVpTÙh•tœ ÿ˚\VÙ] ˙SÙdLÿi”.
$ A±ÆVp ÿ˚\ ©Wf£˚]j æoÆtœ / Lt\¤dœd L˚Pl©•dLlTh”s[’. °˚PjR
RLYpLs, NÙuflLs ÷hTUÙ] TœlTÙn‹Ls B°V˚Y YÙ´XÙL A±‹ÈoYUÙ]’m
Ei˚UVÙ]’UÙ] Li”©•l◊L∞p YkR˚PY˙R A±ÆVp ÿ˚\VÙœm.
$ Etfl˙SÙdLp, RLYp ˙NL¨l◊, ˙NL¨jR RLYpL˚[l ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ÿ˚\´p
Y˚LlT”j’Rp, AX£ BWÙnRp ÿ•‹L˚[ E⁄YÙdœRp, AYt˚\l T¨˙NÙßjRp,
Lt\p TXuL˚[l Tß‹˘NnRp, T¨UÙt\m ÿR≠V ˘NVpÿ˚\j ß\uL∞u
Y[eLfim TVuTÙ”m ˘NVpTÙh•p APe°Ÿs[].
$ —VLt\¤dœm œ›dLt\¤dœUÙ] YÙnl◊ Es[’.
21
$ A±‹ E⁄YÙdLjßtœl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] „ZpLs Es[].
$ L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\jß\≤u Y[of£dLÙ] YÙnl◊m Es[’.
$ œ›f ˘NVpTÙ”L∞u ˙Uu˚U˚Vl ◊¨k’˘LÙsYRtLÙ] „ZpLs Es[].
$ NÍL Ußl◊Ls, _]SÙVL Ußl◊Ls CYt˚\ Eh˘LÙsfim YÙnl◊Ls Es[].
$ —RkßWUÙ] „Z≠p œZk˚RL∞u E¨˚ULs TÙ’LÙdLlT”°u\ ÿ˚\´XÙ] Lt\˙X
S˚P˘Tfl°\’.
$ B£¨V¨u LY]m, „Z¤d˙Lt\’m TV‡s[’UÙ] D”TÙ”Ls, ERÆLs B°V˚Y
˘NVpTÙh•u YØVÙL UÙQYoLfidœd °˚Pd°u\].
NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p ÿ˚\˚V CqYÙfl —⁄dLUÙLd ·\XÙm.
$ æoUÙ≤dLlTh”s[ ̇ SÙdLm / Lt\p A˚P˚Yl ̆ Ttfld˘LÙsYRtœ A±ÆVp
ÿ˚\˚Vd L˚Pl©•jRp.
$ Es[PdLj’Pu ˘NVpÿ˚\j ß\uL∞u ÿd°Vj’Ym.
$ R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnŸm YÙnl◊.
$ NÍL ˛ _]SÙVL Ußl◊Lfidœ ÿd°V CPm.
$ —RkßWUÙ] TV‡s[ Lt\p „Zp.
$ UÙQYoL∞u E¨˚UL˚[ Ae∏L¨jRp.
$ B£¨V¨u TV‡s[ Y˚L´XÙ] D”TÙ”Lfim ERÆLfim.
EeLs Tœß´¤s[ AgNp AXYXLjß≠⁄k’ ˙R˚YVÙ] RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨j’
Cu˚\V Gi‘⁄ LÙXLhPjßp AgNp A¤YXLeL∞u ÿd°Vj’Ym œ±j’ J⁄
Lh”˚W RVÙ¨dL‹m. AgNp ÿ˚\´u YWXÙfl, Rt˙TÙ˚RV ®˚X B°VYt˚\ EhT”jR
˙Yi”m. CkRf ˘NVpTÙh•u A•lT˚P´p NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p ÿ˚\´˚]d
LXk’˚WVÙP¤dœ EhT”jR˙Yi”m.
2.3. NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\
TÙPm G’YÙL C⁄kRÙ¤m Lt\p U°rf£dœ¨VRÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m. Lt\p U°rf£VÙ]’m
TV‡s[RÙL‹m A˚UYRtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] LÙW¶L˚[l ◊¨k’˘LÙi” ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]
YÙnl◊Ls E⁄YÙdL˙Yi”m. UÙQYoL∞u RWm, CVp◊ B°VYt˚\d L⁄jßp ˘LÙi”
Ko CXd°˚] A˚PŸm ˙SÙdœPu RVÙ¨dœm Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p UÙQYoLs
BoYj’Pu D”T”°\ÙoLs GuTßp IV™p˚X. ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ J⁄ Lt\p
©Wf£˚]˚Vl T¨˙NÙßdLXÙm.
Lt\p A˚P‹: ˙LW[jßu ®XlTPjßp UÙYhPeL∞u CP A˚U‹ Gp˚XLs
B°VYt˚\l ◊¨k’˘LÙs°\ÙoLs.
Lt\p ©Wf£˚]: ˙LW[jßp, Ai˚P UÙ®XeL˚[ Gp˚XVÙLd ˘LÙiP GjR˚]
UÙYhPeLs Es[]? A˚Y G˚Y?
CkRl ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LiPÿ˚\ GqYÙfl C⁄dœm?
$ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm AYoL∞u ÿu]±Æu / A‡TYjßu YÙ´XÙL F°j’l
Tß‹ ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
$ F°lT˚Rl T¨˙NÙßlTRtLÙ] YØL˚[j æoUÙ≤d°\ÙoLs.
$ °˚PjR Y[eLs / Y[eL∞≠⁄k’ ˙R˚YVÙ] ÆYWeL˚[f ˙NL¨d°\ÙoLs.
(˙LW[jßu ®XlTPm)
$ ˙NL¨jR ÆYWeL∞u A•lT˚P´p —VUÙL F°jRYt±¤s[ N¨ RYflL˚[l
◊¨k’˘LÙi” Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m N¨VÙ] Æ˚PL˚[d Li”©•d°\ÙoLs /
EflߢNn°\ÙoLs.
$ ˙R˚YVÙ]Yt˚\l Tß‹ ˘Nn°\ÙoLs.
˘RÙPdL Yœl◊L∞p UÙQYoLs Cf˘NVpTÙh˚P BoYj’Pu ˘NnYÙoL[Ù? Hu?
Cf˘NVpTÙh•u R≤jRu˚UL˚[d LÙi˙TÙm.
$ ©Wf£˚]VÙ]’ Lt\p A˚PÆ˚] Eflß ˘NnYRtœl ˙TÙ’UÙ]RÙL C⁄kRRÙ?
(©Wf£˚]dœhThP’)
$ œZk˚R´u RWm, CVp◊ (BoYm CVdLm, —RkßWm œ›f ˘NVpTÙh•p BoYm
Ae∏L¨dœm U]lTÙu˚U) B°V˚Y L˚P©•dLlTh”s[RÙ? (UÙQYo ˚UVm)
$ —VUÙLf ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p D”T”YRtLÙ] YÙnl◊Ls Es[]YÙ?
(˘NVpTÙh•tœhThP˚Y)
$ Gu˘]u] ˘NVpÿ˚\j ß\uLs Cf˘NVpTÙh•p EhTh”s[].
(˘NVpÿ˚\dœhThP˚Y)
$ °˚PjR —tfll◊\m / Lt\p L⁄ÆLs / RLYp E˚\ÆPeLs / TVuT”j’m
YÙnl◊Ls Es[]YÙ (—tfll◊\m ˘RÙPoTÙ]˚Y)
$ N¨VÙ] Lt\p A˚P‹ Y˚WVfldLlTh”s[RÙ? (Lt\p A˚P‹ ˚UVUÙ]˚Y)
$ Cf˘NVpTÙ”L∞p RLYp ˘RÙØp ÷hT YÙnl◊Ls GkR A[‹ Es[’? (ICT
EhThP’)
NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\´˚] CqYÙfl ˘RÙœj’d ·\XÙm.
$ ©Wf£˚]dœhThP˚Y, Li”©•j’d Lt\p.
$ UÙQYoLs ˚UVUÙ]’.
$ ©Wf£˚]d œhThP’.
$ —tfll◊\m ˘RÙPo◊˚PV’.
˙LW[m
UÙYhPm Gp˚XLs
ß⁄Y]kR◊Wm
˘LÙpXm
23
$ ˘NVpÿ˚\ ˘RÙPoTÙ]’.
$ Lt\p A˚P˚Y ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙiP’.
$ RLYp ˘RÙØp ÷hTjßtœhThP’.
2.4. ÿd°VUÙ] NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ ÿ˚\Ls / EjßLs
NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\ A‘œÿ˚\˚Vd L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” NÍL A±ÆVp T¨UÙt\
EjßL˚[d L˚Pl©•dL ˙Yi”m. UÙQY¨u RWm, CVp◊ B°VYt˚\d L⁄jßp
˘LÙi” A∞d°u\ Lt\p ©Wf£˚]˚V UÙQYoLs æo‹ ˘NnYRtœ FdœÆdL
ER‹YRÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m. æo‹ ÿ˚\L˚[j R≤VÙL‹m œ›YÙL‹m Bnk’
S˚Pÿ˚\lT”j’m YÙnl◊ C⁄dL˙Yi”m. UÙQYoLfidœ C˚P˙V LXk’˚WVÙP‹m
˘NVpÿ˚\j ß\uL˚[l TVuT”j’YRtœm ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Lt\p „Zp
YœlT˚\dœs˙[Ÿm ˘Y∞˙VŸm °˚PdL˙Yi”m. —tfll◊\jß˚]Ÿm ©\ RLYp
E˚\ÆPeL˚[Ÿm ÿ˚\˙V ˙Rok˘R”lTRtœm TVuT”j’YRtœm YÙnl◊
°˚PdL˙Yi”m. CYt˚\ U]ßp ˘LÙi” ©uTt\ ˙Yi•V £X Lt\p EjßLs ∏˙Z
RWlTh”s[].
$ £fl ˘NVpßhPeLs.
$ T˚Pl◊Ls, Lh”˚WLs, E˚WLs, L⁄jRWeLd Lh”˚W, ©\ T˚Pl◊Ls.
$ E˚WVÙPpLs
˛ œ›dLXk’˚WVÙPp
˛ UÙSÙ”
˛ L⁄jRWeLm
˛ (Symbosium) J˙W L⁄jßu A•lT˚P´p SPj’°u\ L⁄jRWeLm.
˛ Th•Uu\m
˛ £\l◊d œ›d LXk’˚WVÙPp
˛ T¶U˚]
˛ œ›YÙ] T´t£
$ JlT˚Pl◊ ÿ˚\
$ ·h”\‹dLt\p / C˚Qk’ Lt\p
Lt\p ©Wf£˚]j æoÆtLÙ] RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨dL˙Yi”m. RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨lTRtœd
∏˙Z RWlTh”s[ EjßL˚[f „ZpLfidœ HtTl TVuT”jRXÙm.
$ Tß‹L˚[l TÙo˚Y´”Rp
$ L⁄j’l˘TÙØ‹
$ Etfl˙SÙdLp
$ ˙SoLÙQp
$ L[lTVQm
$ ˙NL¨l◊Ls
$ ®˚]‹f £u]eLs
$ YWXÙtfl GfNeLs
$ LpÆf —tflXÙ
$
$
Lt\p TXuL∞u BZj˚Rd œ±l©”YRtœ ER‹°u\ J⁄ L⁄Æ GuT˚R U]ßp
˘LÙi” Lt\p ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[f ˘NnYRtœl TÙPË˚Xj RœkR ÿ˚\´p
TVuT”jR˙Yi”m.
2.5. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\¤m UÙQYoLfim.
UÙQYoLs ©\Æ´˙X˙V Tp˙Yfl ß\uL˚[ E˚PVYoLs GuT˚Rd L⁄jßp ˘LÙi˙P
AYoLfiPu D”TP˙Yi”m.
UÙQYoLs ©±Æ´˙X˙V BnYÙ[oL˙[. B]Ùp AYoLs.
$ Lt\p ˙YLjßp ˙YflTÙ”˚PVYoLs.
$ Lt\p ÿ˚\´p ˙YflTÙ”˚PVYoLs.
$ ˘T¸æL ˛ Lt\p „ZpL˚[l ˘TflYßp ˙YflTÙ”˚PVYoLs.
$ Tp˙Yfl A‡TYeL˚[l ˘Ttfl Y⁄TYoLs Tp˙Yfl U]®˚Xdœ
B[Ù]YoL[ÙL˙Y LÙQlT”Yo.
CdLÙWQeL[Ùp Jq˘YÙ⁄ UÙQY⁄dœm °˚PdL˙Yi•V ERÆŸm Ae∏LÙWeLfim
˙YflTÙ”˚PVRÙL C⁄dœm. Lt\p „Z˚X E⁄YÙdœm ˙Y˚[´p AYoL∞u
R≤jRu˚UL˚[Ÿm Gp˚XL˚[Ÿm Htfld˘LÙs[Ù’ Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[l
TV‡˚PVRÙL UÙtflYRtœ B£¨V⁄dœ CVXÙ’.
2.6. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\¤m B£¨V⁄m
NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p ˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙsfim L⁄j’Ls, ß\uLs, Ußl◊Ls, U]®˚XLs
B°VYt˚\ ®˚\˙YtflYßp B£¨V¨u Teœ ™Ll ˘T¨VRÙœm. J⁄ NÍL A\Æ´p
B£¨Vo.
$ NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPeL∞u Es[PdLj˚Rj ˘R∞YÙLl ◊¨kß⁄dL˙Yi”m.
$ NÍL A±ÆVp A‘œÿ˚\˚V ÿ›˚UVÙL Eh˘LÙi•⁄dL˙Yi”m.
$ A‘œÿ˚\˚V Eh˘LÙi” Lt\p „Z˚X E⁄YÙdœm˙TÙ’ Lt\p A˚P‹L˚[l
˘TÙfljRY˚W´p N¨VÙ] A±‹ C⁄dL˙Yi”m.
$ Tp˙Yfl Lt\p EjßL˚[ A±k’˘LÙsY’Pu Lt\p „ZpL∞p AYt˚\ ÿ˚\VÙLl
TVuT”j’YRtœ UÙQYoLfidœ ERY‹m CVX˙Yi”m.
$ SpX ßhP™”TYWÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m. Lt\p A˚P‹˚[ EflߢNnYRtœj
˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄j’ Utflm EjßLfidœ Ht\ LÙW¶L˚[f £\lTÙLj ßhP™”YRtœ
E¨V ß\˚UŸm B£¨V⁄dœ C⁄dL˙Yi”m. Lt\˚Xj ßhP™”m ˙Y˚[´p
B£¨Vo °˚PjR ˘T¸æL LpÆf„Zp, RLYp E˚\ÆPeLs B°VYt˚\d
L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[˙Yi”m.
25
$ J⁄ SpX BnYÙ[⁄m NLUÙQY⁄UÙL C⁄dL˙Yi”m. SpX BnYÙ[⁄dœ Uh”˙U
Bn‹f ˘NVpTÙ”L∞p UÙQYoLfiPu ˘NVpTP CV¤m. AYoL∞u ©Wf£˚]j
æoÆtLÙ] ÿVt£L∞u Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X´¤m ˙R˚Yd˙LtT D”Th” ERÆ
A∞dL‹m N¨VÙL YØLÙhP‹m B£¨V⁄dœ CVX˙Yi”m.
$ ˙UmThP’m Ht◊˚PV’m —RkßWÿUÙ] Lt\p „Z˚X E⁄YÙd°d ˘LÙ”lTRtœj
˙R˚YVÙ] LtT˚], ß\u B°˚Y B£¨V¨Pm A˚Ukß⁄dL˙Yi”m. _]SÙVLd
Li˙QÙhPj’Pu UÙQYoL∞Pm D”T”YRtœm CVX˙Yi”m.
$ UÙQYoL∞u CVp◊Ls, R≤jRu˚ULs CYt±p LÙQlT”m ˙YflTÙ”L˚[Ÿm
B£¨Vo L⁄jßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi”m.
$ Jh”˘UÙjRUÙL UÙQYoL∞u E¨˚UL˚[d œ±jR A±˚Y E⁄YÙdL‹m CkR
E¨˚ULs ¡\lTPÆp˚X GuT˚R Eflß ˘NnV‹m ˙Yi”m.
˘RÙPo˘NVpTÙ”Ls
1. ˘RÙPdL®˚X Yœl◊L∞p NÍL A±ÆVp TÙP ËpL˚[l T¨˙NÙßj’f NÍL
A±ÆVp Lt\≠u ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rd œ±j’f NÙuflLfiPu J⁄ Lh”˚W
RVÙ¨dL‹m.
2. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\¤dœ A±ÆV≠u ÿ˚\˚V˙V S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRlTh”s[’.
G”j’dLÙh”LfiPu ®fl‹L.
3. ˘NVpÿ˚\j ß\uL∞u TVuTÙh”Pu Y[lT”j’R˚XŸm NÍL A±ÆVp LpÆ
˙SÙdLUÙLd ˘LÙs°\’. Cd·t±tLÙ] Gßo L⁄j’L˚[ G”j’˚Wj’ ÆUoN]d
œ±l◊j RVÙ¨dL‹m.
89
AXœ ˛ 4
NÍL A±ÆV¤m ˘RÙØp ÷hTÿm
˘UÙjR ˙SWm: 10 U¶ ˙SWm
Lt©jRp ˘NVpÿ˚\´p RLYp T¨UÙt\j ˘RÙØp ÷hTjßtœ ™L ÿd°Vl Teœ Es[’.
Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\´u RWj˚R Eflß ˘NnRÙp Uh”˙U RWmYÙnkR LpÆ˚V A∞lTRtœ
CV¤m. ICT J⁄ Lt\p Lt©jRp ˚L˙VPÙLl TVuT”j’YRu YØVÙLd Lt\p
TX‡˚PVRÙL UÙfl°\’. EVo ˘RÙØp÷hT YœlT˚\Lfim, •¥hPp A˚Ul◊Lfim
˙LW[ÙƤs[ Ts∞d ·PeL∞p ˘T¨V UÙt\j˚R E⁄YÙd°d ˘LÙi•⁄d°u\ „Z≠p
B£¨V UÙQYoLfim ARt˙LtT ICT TVuTÙh˚Pf £\l◊\f ˘NnYRtLÙ] ß\uL˚[l
˘T\˙Yi•Ÿs[’. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p RLYp T¨UÙt\j ˘RÙØp÷hTjß˚]Ÿm,
A˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV Lt\p ’˚Qd L⁄ÆL˚[Ÿm Lt©jRp ˘NVpÿ˚\´p GqYÙfl
TVuT”jRXÙm Gu\ TœlTÙn‹ RÙu CkR AX°p S˚P˘Tfl°\’.
Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
$ TÙPHtTÙh” T¨UÙt\m £\l◊\ S˚P˘TflYRtœj ˘RÙØp ÷hTjßu
ÿd°Vj’Yj˚Rd œ±l©”°u\]o.
$ TÙP HtTÙ” T¨UÙt\jßp ICT YÙnl◊L˚[ Li”©•j’ AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.
AYt˚\l TVuT”j’YRtLÙ] ß\uL˚[l ˘Ttfld ˘LÙs[‹m ˘Nn°u\]o.
ÿd°Vd L⁄j’Ls
$ RLYp T¨UÙt\j ˘RÙØp ÷hTjßu ÿd°Vj’Ym
$ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p TVuT”jRd·•V ˘RÙØp ÷hTeLs
$ Lt\p ’˚QdL⁄ÆLs, YÙnl◊Ls
$ C˚QVR[ ˙TÙohPpLs, Y˚XjR[eLs, Y˚XlTß‹Ls (Blog)
$ ˘UuR[eLs ˛ YÙnl◊Ls
$ ........
ICT ´u ÿd°Vj’Ym
˙Lh˘TÙ≠d LÙh£ YØVÙ] Lt\p A‡TYeL˚[ E⁄YÙd°d ˘LÙ”j’ ˙R£V
Lt\pRWj˚R Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚Rdœm Eflß ˘NnV ˙Yi”m Gu\ CXdœPu ˙LW[
AW£u ∏r ˙LW[ Cu©\ÙvhWdNo Bih ˘Pd]ÙX¥ @TÙo G•Î˙L`u KITE Gu\
®flY]m ̆ NVpTh” Y⁄°\’. Ts∞d·PeL∞p ̇ R˚YVÙ] A•lT˚P YNßL˚[f ̆ Nn’
˘LÙ”lT’, B£¨VoLfidœl T´t£ A∞lT’, TXY˚LVÙ] •¥hPp Es[PdLm
RVÙ¨lT’, C˛LYQuv S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jRY’ ˙TÙu\ ˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœ KITE R˚X˚U
RÙe° Y⁄°\’. ICT ´u ˘RÙPo YÙnl◊L˚[l TVuT”j’YRtLÙL ˘RÙPdL®˚X
Yœl◊Ls ÿRp ICT ˚V J⁄ œ±l©hP TÙPUÙL œZk˚RLs Ltfl Y⁄°u\]o. CqYÙfl
UÙfl°u\ YœlT˚\dLfid˙LtT, Lt©jRp ÿ˚\´¤m, Lt\p ˘NVpÿ˚\´¤m ß\˚U
˘Tt\ B£¨V UÙQYoLs RÙu SÙ˚[V B£¨VWÙL YW˙Yi•VYoLs BYo. ÿRp
T⁄Yjßp RLYp T¨UÙt\j ˘RÙØp ÷hTjßu YÙnl◊L˚[Ÿm, ÿd°Vj’Yj˚RŸm
90
Æ[dLUÙLd LXk’˚WVÙ•˙]Ùm ApXYÙ? Ce˙L NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p TVuT”jR
˙Yi•V ICT YÙnl◊L˚[ BWÙn˙YÙm.
U≤R≤u NÍL ÿu˙]t\jßp RÙdLm ˘N¤j’°u\ L⁄j’Ls, SToLs, ®Lrf£Ls,
®flY]eLs ̇ TÙu\Yt˚\d œ±jR Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl ̆ RÙPo◊˚PV’m U≤R ̊ UVUÙ]’UÙ]
Lt\pRÙu NÍL A±ÆV≠p S˚P˘Tfl°\’. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\p YØVÙL NÍLj˚R
ÿu˙]Ùd° ˘LÙi” ˘Np¤Rp Gu\ EjRWYÙRj˚R G”j’d ˘LÙsYRtœ SToL˚[j
RVÙo ˘Nn°˙\Ùm. A˙RÙ” _]SÙVL EQo‹, URNÙoTt\ £kR˚], ˙R∫V EQo‹, ·h”
U]lTÙu˚U, œ› EQo‹, Gßo˘NVXÙtflm ß\u ˙TÙu\ Ußl◊Ls Y[o°u\]. CRtLÙLl
TXY˚LlThP Lt\p EjßLs YØVÙLd œZk˚RLs LPk’ ˘NpX˙Yi•Ÿs[’. A˚Y
G˚Y˘VpXÙm GuT˚R ÿkß] TÙPlTœß´p LXk’˚WVÙ•˙]Ùm ApXYÙ?
$ L⁄jRWeLm
$ œ›ÆYÙRm
$ ÆYÙRm
$ ˙SoLÙQp
$ L[lTVQm
$ ˘NVpßhPm
$ TPj˘RÙœl◊Ls RVÙ¨jRp
$ ............
Tp˙Yfl Lt\p Lt©jRp EjßLs TX‡˚PV ÿ˚\´p J›eœ ˘NnV˙Yi”˘U≤p
ARtœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ßhP™Pp, ˘NVpT”j’Rp, Ußl¿” ˘NnRp B°V˚Y
S˚P˘T\˙Yi”m. CRu Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X´¤m ˘RÙØp÷hT ERÆ˚VŸm L⁄ÆL˚[Ÿm
TVuT”jR ˙Yi”m. Gk˘RkR L⁄ÆLfim, ’˚QdL⁄ÆLfim NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\¤dœj
˙R˚YlT”°u\]? AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.
$ TÙPl◊jRLeLs
$ ˙Ut˙LÙs ◊jRLeLs
$ Tjߨ˚L, CRrLs
$ J¸ı ˛ FPLeLs
$ YWXÙtfl H”Ls, SÙQVeLs
$ ®XlTPeLs, ®XlTP H”Ls
$ YWXÙtfl ®˚]‹f£u]eLs
$ T˚ZV LÙX L⁄ÆLs, ˘TÙ⁄hLs
$ TPeLs, ◊˚LlTPeLs
$ ß˚WlTPm, SÙPLm.....
$ ........
91
˙TÙu\ HWÙ[UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hLs ˙R˚YlT”°u\]. CYt±p TXYt˚\Ÿm ˙SW•VÙLl
TÙolTRtœm ˙LhTRtœm CV¤°u\ A•lT˚P E˚\ÆPUÙLd °˚PdLf ˘NnYRtœl
TX˙Y˚[L∞p SmUÙp CV¤Y’ Cp˚X. A±Æu UiPXm UÙYhPm ˛ UÙ®Xm ˛ SÙ” ˛
EXLm˛ ©WTgNm G]l TWk’ ƨk’ °Pd°\’. Cf„Z≠p A•lT˚P E˚\ÆPeL∞u
YÙnl◊Ls œ˚\k’ ˙TÙL‹m CWh˚P E˚\ÆPeL˚[l TVuT”jR ˙Yi•Ÿm Es[’.
RLYp T¨UÙt\j ˘RÙØp÷hTjßu ˘RÙPo YÙnl◊L˚[ Ce˙L TVuT”jR˙Yi”m.
Lt©jRp ˘NVpÿ˚\´u ßhP™P≠p B£¨˚Vdœl TXY˚LVÙ] ˙NL¨l◊f
˘NVpTÙ”L∞u TœßVÙL UÙQYoLfidœm ICT ERÆ ˙R˚YlT”°\’.
°˚Pd°u\ Y˚XlTß‹Ls, Y˚XjR[eLs G˚Y˘V] AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.
$ NUdWÙ ˙TÙohPp (Samagra itschool.gov.in)
$ NÙvßW NLÙ´ (Sasthra Sahayi.blogspot.in)
$ ˘UuPov ˙LW[Ù (Mentors Kerala.blog.com)
$ Gv.Gv. œ⁄◊˙[Ùd (ssgurublogsport.com)
$ T˙VÙÆ`u ◊˙[Ùd (bio-vision-s.blospot.com)
$ ˙LW[ ®VUNTÙ ˘Yl˚Nh (www.niyamasabha.org)
$ ˙XÙL N˚T (loksabha.nic.in)
$ WÙwVN˚T (rajyasabha.nic.in)
$ Gv.£.C.Bo.•. ˘Yl˚Nh (scertkerala.gov.in)
$ LÙX®˚Xl©¨‹ (www.imd.gov.in)
$ .....................
NUdWÙ ˙TÙohPp YØVÙLl Ts∞ TÙPl◊jRLeLfim Lt\p Y[eLfim •¥hPp (Gi‘⁄)
BL °˚Pdœm.
C˚Rl˙TÙufl GpXÙ AW— A¤YXLeLfidœm ˘TÙ’UdLfiPu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙsfiYRtœ
Y˚XjR[eLs Es[]. CYt˚\ GpXÙm NÍL A±ÆVp B£¨VoLfim UÙQYoLfim
RLYp ˙NL¨lTRtœl TVuT”jRXÙm. UÙ®Xjßu Es˙[Ÿm, ˘Y∞˙VŸm, ˙R£V
A[Ƥm HWÙ[UÙ] ®flY]eLs, A⁄eLÙh£VLeLs, YWXÙtflf £u]eLs, Id°V SÙh”
N˚T, UjßV AW—, UÙ®X AW—Ls B°VYt±u Y˚XjR[eL˚[l TÙo˚Y´h”
RLYpL˚[ SmTLjRu˚UŸPu ˙NL¨dLXÙm. RLYpL˚[l TßÆ\dLm ˘Nn’
TVuT”j’m˙TÙ’ ˚NTo NhPeL˚[d L˚P©•lTßp LY]m ˘N¤j’≈oLs ApXYÙ?
˙NL¨jR RLYpL∞u ˘NVXÙdLm
C˚QVR[jßu ERÆŸm YÙnl◊m °˚PjR‹Pu SLW ̨ °WÙU ̇ YflTÙ•u± ̇ LW[jߤs[
LpÆ ®flY]eLs C˚YV˚]j˚RŸm TVuT”jß Y⁄°u\]. ˘RÙØp÷hTeL∞u
YNߟm Y[of£Ÿm, L¶≤, U•dL¶≤, ß\u˙T£ (Bu•WÙn” ˙TÙi) ˙TÙu\˚YŸm,
GkR Ko B£¨V⁄dœm R]’ YœlT˚\L˚[ •¥hPp ERÆŸPu TpÌPÙL A˚Ul©tœ
UÙt± Lt\p ˛Lt©jRp ˘NVpÿ˚\´p œZk˚RL∞u BoYj˚R ®˚X®flj’YRtœm,
Lt\˚Xl TV‡˚PVRÙdœYRtœm CV¤°u\ „Zp Rt˙TÙ’ S˚Pÿ˚\´p Es[’.
RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨jRp, ˙NL¨jR RLYpL˚[ Yœl©tœ ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ÿ˚\´p
˘NVXÙdLm ˘NnRp, ˘RÙØp÷hTd L⁄ÆL∞u ERÆŸPu œZk˚RL˚[ A˚PVf ˘NnRp
92
B°V˚Y ™L ÿd°VUÙ]˚Y Bœm. G”j’dLÙhPÙL LtLÙXm Gu\ L⁄j˚Rl T¨UÙt\m
˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ T˚ZV LtLÙXm, C˚PdLtLÙXm, ◊ßV LtLÙXm B°V LÙXLhPeL∞¤s[
U≤R YÙrd˚L´u NÙuflL˚[f ˙NL¨dL ˙Yi”m. CYt˚\ GpXÙm A±ÿLm ˘NnRp
(©WNu˙P`u) YØVÙLd ˙Lh˘TÙ≠dLÙh£´u ERÆŸPu T¨UÙt\m ˘NnVlT”m˙TÙ’
£\l◊˚PVRÙL UÙfl°\’. ˙SW•VÙLf ˙NL¨d°u\ RLYpL˚[j, Ru‡˚PV YœlT˚\´p
TVuT”j’YRtœ CV¤°u\ ÆRjßp UÙt±V˚UlTRtLÙ] ß\˚] Jq˘YÙ⁄ B£¨V ˛
UÙQY‡m ˘Ttfld ˘LÙs[˙Yi”m. •¥hPp YÙnl◊L˚[l TVuT”j’m ˙TÙ’ A˚Y
œZk˚RLfiPu Ju±˚QV‹m, A±‹ E⁄YÙdLjßtLÙ] YÙnl◊L˚[l
TVuT”j’YRtœm LY]m ˘N¤jR ˙Yi”m.
5,6,7 Yœl◊L∞¤s[ NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPlTœßL˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Jq˘YÙ⁄
TÙPlTœßdœm ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] ICT YÙnl◊L˚[d Li”©•j’ AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.
œ›YÙLd LXk’˚WVÙP‹m.
S”®˚X Yœl◊L∞¤s[ H˙R‡m NÍL A±ÆVp TÙPlTœß´u A•lT˚P´p J⁄
•¥hPp ©WNu˙P`u RVÙ¨j’ UÙߨ Yœl◊ G”dL‹m.
Y¨˚N Yœl◊ AXœ T¨UÙt\m ˘NnV˙Yi•V Lt\p ’˚QdL⁄Æ´u ICT •¥hPp
Gi L⁄j’ UiPXm YÙnl◊ YÙnl◊
1 6 C˚PdLÙX L˚XŸm CXd°Vÿm 8˛18 Y˚W´XÙ]
CkßVÙ Ët\Ùi•u
E⁄YÙdLeLs, SToLs,
CXd°Vm TPeLs
˘NV≠˘Uu˘TÙ⁄Ls (Application software) ˛ NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p
Ge˙L C⁄k’m, GkR ̇ SWjߤm Lt\p Æ˚[‹Ls °˚Pd°u\ „Zp Cufl E⁄YÙ]RtLÙ]
LÙWQm CkRj ’˚\´p HtThP UÙt\UÙœm. C˚QVR[jßu Y[of£VÙp CRtœ CVu\’.
Cj’Pu ˘NV≠ ˛ ˘Uu˘TÙ⁄hLfim TVuTÙ”Lfim (App) ˙Lh˘TÙ≠dLÙh£Lfim SÙm
93
L⁄jßt ˘LÙs[˙Yi”m. NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p TVuT”jRd·•V ˘UuR[eLs
G˚Y˘VuT˚R ÿR≠p ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs˙YÙm. ETi”Ƥm, Æu˙PÙ£¤m CjR˚LV
Y[eLs °˚Pd°u\] G] ÿRp T⁄Yjßp SÙm ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙi˙PÙUpXYÙ?
v˘Pp˙X¨Vm (Stellarium)
v˘Pp˙X¨Vm GuT’ J⁄ ˘PvdPÙl ©˙[]h˙PÙ¨Vm ˘UuR[UÙœm. GkR SÙ˚[Ÿm
˙SWj˚RŸm YÙ]jßp Etfl˙SÙdœYRtœ CRu YØVÙL CV¤°\’. ShNjßWd ·hPeLs
EhTP 21 ˙LÙ• ShNjßWeLs œ±jR RLYpLs CkR ˘UuR[jßp °˚Pd°u\]. „¨V
œ”mTm/©WTgNm Etfl ˙SÙdœYRtœ CkR ˘UuR[j˚Rl TVuT”jRXÙm.
UÙo©s (Marble)
È™˚VŸm, NkßW˚]Ÿm œ› Y•Æp Etfl˙SÙdœYRtLÙ] •¥hPp ◊Æ E⁄i˚PRÙu
UÙo©s. È™˚VŸm, È™´u YÙŸ UiPXj˚RŸm Æ[dLUÙL‹m Jq˘YÙ⁄ Tœß˚VŸm
ƨYÙL‹m (TWkR ˙UtTWlTÙL) SUdœl TÙodL CV¤m. ˙U¤m AhNd˙LÙ”Ls,
æodLd˙LÙ”Ls, ˘T⁄eLiPeLs, LPpLs B°VYt˚\ Etfl˙SÙdœYRtœ CkR
˘UuR[j˚R TVuT”jRXÙm. NkßW≤u ̇ UtTWl◊m, ̆ YlTUiPXeLfim Etfl˙SÙdLXÙm.
˘RÙPdL®˚X Yœl©¤s[ Gk˘RkRl TÙPlTœßL˚[l T¨UÙt\m ˘NnYRtœ CkR
˘UuR[j˚Rl TVuT”jRXÙm G] BWÙnk’ œ±l◊ RVÙ¨ŸeLs.
‘XR map’
•¥hPp ◊ÆE⁄i˚PRÙu CkR ˘UuR[m. SÙ”Lfi˚PV‹m Tp˙Yfl CPeLfi˚PV‹m
RLYpL˚[f ˙NL¨lTRtœm CkR ˘UuR[eL˚[l TVuT”jRXÙm. Jq˘YÙ⁄ SÙh˚PŸm
˙Ro‹ ˘NnRÙp ◊Æ´Vp, YWXÙfl NÙokR RLYpLfim, ˙R£Vd˘LÙ•, ˙R£V ∏Rm
˙TÙu\˚YLfim CkR ˘UuR[jßp °˚Pd°u\].
Sun clock
˙SW LÙX A˚Ul◊Ls, È™´u —Zt£´u LÙWQUÙL HtT”°u\ UÙt\eLs B°VYt˚\
Etfl˙SÙdœYRtœ ER‹°u\ ˘UuR[UÙœm.
K. Geography
CkR ˘UuR[m YØVÙLd „¨Vœ”mTm, —Zt£, „¨V—Zt£ ˙TÙu\ UiPXeL∞u
T¨UÙt\jßtœl TVuT”j’Y’Pu „¨V°WLQm, NkßW°WLQm B°VYt˚\
Etfl˙SÙdL‹m CV¤°\’. ˙Yfl £X ˘UuR[eLfim ETi”Æu ◊ßV Tßl©p
°˚Pd°u\]. A˚Y G˚Y˘VuT˚R B£¨V¨u ERÆŸPu T¨˙NÙߟeLs. L¶≤
Bn‹d·Pjß≠⁄k’ AYt±u TVuTÙh˚Pd œ±j’m ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[XÙm ApXYÙ?
$ "NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\≠p ˘NV≠ ˘UuR[eL∞u Tp˙Yfl YÙnl◊Ls' Gu\ R˚Xl©p
ÆYÙRj˚R J›eœ ˘NnV‹m.
˘UuR[eLs RÆW HWÙ[UÙ] •¥hPp L⁄ÆLfim, Bl◊Lfim, CD, DVD ˙TÙu\˚YŸm
°˚Pd°u\]. CYt˚\l TßÆ\dLm ˘Nn’m, YÙe°Ÿm TVuT”jR CV¤°\’. A˚Y
G˚Y˘VuT˚R AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.
$ World Clock
$ Google Map
94
$ GPS
$ Digital compas
$ Digital Atlas
$ Digital Maps
$ .............
$ ...............
EeLfi˚PV A˚X˙T£´p Gk˘RkR Bl◊L˚[l TßÆ\dLm ˘Nn’ TVuT”jRXÙm
G]d Li”©•ŸeLs.
L¶≤, A˚X˙T£ B°VYt˚\ A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi” ˘NVpT”°u\ HWÙ[m
˘TÙ⁄hLs °˚Pd°u\]. AYt±u TVuTÙh˚Pl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi” Gk˘RkRl TÙPeL∞u
T¨UÙt\jßtœl TVuT”jRXÙm G]d Li”©•dL‹m.
NÍL A±ÆVp Lt\¤Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV £X LÙh£˘VÙ≠d L⁄ÆL∞u YÙnl◊L˚[ CkR
AX°u YØVÙL SÙm ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙi˙PÙm. C≤Ÿm HWÙ[m YÙnl◊Ls YWXÙm. AYt˚\d
Li”©•j’ TVuT”j’m˙TÙ’ B£¨Vo Gu\ ®˚X´p ß\˚UL˚[ ˙UmT”j’YRtœm
J⁄ SpX B£¨˚VVÙL UÙflYRtœm EeLfidœ CV¤°\’.
Æ[mTWdL˚X / Æ[mTWm
ÿd°V L⁄j’Ls
$ Æ[mTWdL˚X/Æ[mTWm: Y˚WV˚\Lfim ˘NÙtL∞u EtTjߟm
$ Æ[mTWdL˚X´u ˙RÙt\ÿm YWXÙflm
$ Æ[mTWeL∞u ˙Y˚XLfim æ˚ULfim
$ Tp˙Yfl Y˚LVÙ] Æ[mTWeLs
$ Æ[mTW ÿL˚U
$ Æ[mTWd L˚X´p S≈] ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls
ÿd°V Lt\p A˚P‹Ls
TÙPl Tœß UÙQYoLfidœ ER‹°\’.
Æ[mTWd L˚X´u Y˚WV˚\L˚[l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsYRtœ.
Æ[mTWm Gu\ ˘NÙp≠u ˙RÙt\j˚Rd Li” ©•lTRtœ.
Æ[mTWd L˚X´u Y[of£l T¨QÙUeL˚[l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsYRtœ.
Ut˘\Ù⁄Y¨u LhPÙVjßtœ HtT H˙R‡˘UÙ⁄ ˙Y˚X˚Vf ˘NnYRtœ øeLs ©\W’
A±‹˚WLfidœm LhPÙVeLfidœm ˘RÙPok’ SÙm B[ÙY’i” £X ˙Y˚[L∞p
Æ⁄lT™pXÙÆhPÙ¤m A±‹˚WL˚[ SÙm G”j’d ˘LÙs˙YÙm. £X œ±l©hP „ZpL∞p
Jj’d ˘LÙs[ÙU¤m C⁄dLXÙm B]Ùp AkR A±‹˚WL˚[ LYof£VÙLd ·flYRÙL
C⁄kRÙp AYt˚\ ÿ› U]’Pu Htfld ˘LÙs[j RVÙWÙ˙YÙm. C’ ˙TÙX˙Y C≤l©p
˘TÙßVlThP ’i”°u\ RLYpL˙[ Æ[mTWeLs. J⁄ EtTjß ˘TÙ⁄˚[˙VÙ
95
˙N˚Y˚V˙VÙ L⁄j˚R˙VÙ Tt± TÙo˚YVÙ[oL∞u NÙRLUÙ] ®˚XTÙh˚P E⁄YÙdœ°u\
„ZpLs Æ[mTWeLs.
øeLs ˙NÙl◊, TtT˚N ˙TÙu\ Au\ÙPj ˙R˚YLfidLÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ GqYÙfl ˙Ro‹
˘Nn≈oLs? EeL[’ ˘NÙkR Æ⁄lTlT• RÙu ˙Rok˘R”d°»oL[Ù? L˚P´p A”d°
˚YdLlTh”s[ TXY˚LVÙ] ˘TÙ⁄sL∞≠⁄k’ œ±l©hP Ju˚\ Uh”m GRu
A•lT˚P´p ˙Rok˘R”l¿oLs? ˙VÙ£j’l TÙojRÙp UdL∞˚P˙V ©WTXUÙ] FPLeLs
YÙ´XÙL‹m ©\YØL∞p Sm˚U YkR˚PŸm RLYpL∞u A•lT˚P´¤m RÙu GuT˚Rl
◊¨k’ ˘LÙs[XÙm. ˘RÙPof£VÙL J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[l Tt±V RLYpL˚[ SÙm TÙodL ˙SokRÙp
A˚R YÙeœYRtLÙ] YÙnl◊m AßLUÙœm.