Post on 30-May-2020
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European Regional Development Fund
WATER. VANDAAG EN MORGEN
DOC R&D PWN(T)summary 2018
G.Galjaard, PWNT
November 2018, Plymouth
European Regional Development Fund
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PWN Water Supply Company North-Holland
• source is mainly (very challenging ) surface water (95%)
• 787.000 connections
• 1.7 million customers
• 105 million m3 of drinking water per year
• water price in 1,31 Euro per m3 (2018)
• Approx. 500 employees
• 5 WTP’s and 2 pre-treatment plant for artificial recharge
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• most of the Provence is below sea level
• groundwater is salt in other area’s then the dunes
• only available source is the IJssel Lake
• IJssel Lake is dominantly fed by the river Rhine
• under the influence of industry, recreation, population
• high contamination level (delta of Europe)
source challenge PWN
PWN Water Supply Company North-Holland
European Regional Development Fund
WATER. VANDAAG EN MORGEN
ClO2
coagulation
rapid sand filtration
Lake IJssel
GAC
GAC
microsieves
softening
microsieves
UV/H2O2
SIX
Ceramac
drumscreen
PWN Water Supply Company North-Holland
WTP Andijk 2018
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content
• source challenges (IJssel Lake) and changes
• adding in-line coagulation (ILCA®) after SIX® at WTP Andijk
• further developments within SIX®-technology
• new technologies tested (i.e. Arvia Nyex tm)
• brine treatment, recovery of humic substances
Update DOC related R&D within PWN(T) in 2018
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source challenges and changes2018, a very hectic year for the Rhine river Delta
• warm tropical heat (since May)
• long and extreme dry weather (since May)
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WATER. VANDAAG EN MORGEN
source challenges and changes2018, a very hectic year for the Rhine river Delta
• extreme warm weather (April-October)
• extreme dry weather (since May)
• multiple meteorological records were broken
• warmest nights
• warmest months
• lowest amount of rain
• lowest water level in the Rhine
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source challenges and changes
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chloride concentration IJssel Lake
Chloride (mg/L)
Is besides Cl- and Na+ also DOC coming in through locks?
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source challenges and changes
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Retention time (min)
IJM PWN
Afsluit-lake
Afsluit-sea
NOM Waddenzee vs IJssel Lake
OCD signal response (a. u.)
IJM PWN, 182 mg/L chloridelock lake, 250 mg/L chloride
lock sea, 1094 mg/L chloride
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y = 0,0002x + 5,3638
R² = 0,0011
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Temperature (°C)
source challenges and changesTemperature IJssel Lake
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source challenges and changesIJssel Lake – average raw water temperature
Temperature (°C)
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2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
So what does this mean for the DOC-concentration?
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source challenges and changes
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DOC IJssel Lake
DOC (mg/L)
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source challenges and changes
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DOC IJssel Lake
DOC (mg/L)
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source challenges and changes
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DOC IJssel Lake
DOC (mg/L)
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UVT (%)
source challenges and changesUVT254nm IJssel Lake
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y = -0,0001x + 78,253
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jan-2007 jan-2009 jan-2011 jan-2013 jan-2015 jan-2017 jan-2019
UVT (%)
source challenges and changesUVT254nm IJssel Lake
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jan-2007 jan-2009 jan-2011 jan-2013 jan-2015 jan-2017 jan-2019
UVT (%)
source challenges and changesUVT IJssel Lake
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source challenges and changes
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DOC biopolymers humics building blocks neutrals
LC-OCD IJssel LakeDOC and NOM fractions (µg/L)
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source challenges and changes
biopolymers (µg/L)
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1-1-2018 2-3-2018 1-5-2018 30-6-2018 29-8-2018 28-10-2018 27-12-2018
biopolymers
water temperature
temperature (oC)
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Source challenges and changes
• higher monitor input and modelling source changes coming years
• appears to be a DOC change to higher concentration HMW biopolymers
• increase in biopolymers seems temperature related?
• current pretreatment WTP Andijk sensitive for HMW organics
• R&D to enhance operation (flux) with ILC for WTP Andijk
• now ILC also focus on biopolymer removal
discussion & future research
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source challenges and changesImpact in-line coagulation after SIX for WTP Andijk
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Retention time (min)
pilot feed
SIX effluent
membrane
permeate
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Retention time (min)
pilot feed
SIX effluent
ILCA treated
membrane
permeate
OCD Signal response (a. u.) OCD Signal response (a. u.)
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Impact in-line coagulation after SIX for WTP Andijk
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0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
TM
P [
kP
a @
10
°C]
Filtration volume [l/m2]
without ILCA with ILCA
ILCA: pH 8, 6 ppm as Fe3+
source challenges and changes
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PWNT’s C90 Ceramic Microfiltration at WTP Andijk
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fast mixing coagulant in a pressurized system
Average coagulant volume fraction in the reference cross section, 3d downstream of the injectors
adding ILCA® at WTP Andijk
BowlerHat
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SIX
ILCA
Lake IJssel
UV/H2O2
GAC
microsieves
softening
drumscreens
Ceramac C90
source challenges and changesWTP Andijk, 2020
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WATER. VANDAAG EN MORGEN
new DOC-removal technologies tested
Arvia Nyextm, bench scale tests, WP3, SME’s
Initial bench scale tests promisingbut needs to be piloted to validate
feasibility
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new DOC characterization methods tested
exploration of HA and FA molecules with mass spectrometry
(Orbitrap)
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further development in SIX®
• CFD to improve reactor design
• improve CT
• lower footprint
• lower air consumption
• improve regeneration
optimalisations working to 3th and 4th generation
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brine treatment SIX®
• currently brine WTP Andijk is discharged into the ground
• while this option is the lowest in costs it also has the lowest
environmental impact (SimaPro) vs DNF-NF/RO-DVR or DNF-EDR-DVR
• however sentiment of discharge is negative so continuous research
effort is put in treatment and re-use
research on re-use and recovery
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• IEX brine treated through two steps
electrodialysis
• NaCl recovery / concentrate ED 1
• Demineralization of NOM / diluate ED 2
• membranes ED 1 made selective with addition
of a second layer of tighter linked polymeric
matrix
• micro-pollutants retention over IEX resin and
transport through ED membranes examined
IEX(adsorption)
resin regeneration(desorption)
raw water
IEX effluent
ED1 selective for monovalent salts
ED 2
IEX brine
NaCl solution
NOM solution
salt mix
brine treatment SIX®
research on re-use and recovery
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• humic substances as part of NOM include humic and fulvic acids, used in
numbers of industrial application such a bio-stimulant in agriculture or feed
enhancer in livestock farming
• previous assessment of the quality of humic substances recovered from IEX
brine with electrodialysis inconclusive because of residual inorganic
impurity level
• IHSS (international humic substance society) fractionation protocol
produces
• pure humic acids based on their precipitation properties at pH below 1
• pure fulvic acids based on hydrophobic interaction on absorbent (non
ionic resin , DAX8, previous XAD8)
brine treatment SIX®
research on re-use and recovery
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implementation and upscaling of the IHSS laboratory protocol
• labscale tests with DAX8
• elute HS with NaOH solution
• cation IX to exchange Na+ by H+
• upscaling process to pilot
• pH optimization
• resin selection
• adaptation of rinsing and elution protocol
brine treatment SIX®
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brine treatment SIX®
10 kg HS produced for animal (pig) feed application test
• extraction pilot treated 50 m3 mixed IEX brine (PWN &
DWG)
• eluate, after de-ashing (Na+ removal), 2,5 m3
• concentration with RO membranes to 600L
• final product: HS 2w%
• sanitary acceptance trials to use these extracted HS for
piglet feed are planned for January 2019