Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World 2-1 2 Chapter Managing the...

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Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World

2Chapter

Managing the Information System Infrastructure

Based on results of survey data from 2002, 70% of respondents had stolen key information from an employer

Ibas - Data forensics firm, UK

Dr. Ali Zolait - Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World 2-2

Learning Objectives

Infrastructure

• Interconnection of basic facilities and services enabling the area to function properly

1. Essential information systems infrastructure components

The IS Infrastructure

• An information systems infrastructure includeso Hardware and softwareo Communications and collaboration Networkso Data and knowledgeo Facilities

1. Essential information systems infrastructure components

Key Elements of Information Systems Hardware

• Input Deviceso Used to enter

information into a computer

• Processing Deviceso Transform inputs into

outputs.

• Output Deviceso Deliver information to

users in a usable format

Input: Mouse and Keyboard Output: Monitor Processing: CPU

2. components of an organization’s hardware infrastructure

Pointing and Selecting Devices

• Example: mouse, light pen, touch pad, touch screen, joystick, and eye-tracking device

Processing: Transforming Inputs into Outputs

• Binary Code

o Binary or base-2 math (2, 2, 8, 16, 32, and so on)

•Bits

•Bytes

o Machine Language—the language computers understand

o ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

Translation into Binary Code

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Microprocessor, processor, chip

• Responsible for performing all of the operations of the computer (loading OS when pc turned on)

Arithmetic logic unit (ALU): Perform math and logical

operations Control unit:

Fetch program instructions Decode instructions Retrieve data Store results

Moore’s Law

• In the 1970s Dr. Gordon Moore from Intel hypothesized that computer processing performance would double every eighteen months

Reduction of feature size

Lines on the chip through which signal pass

• Trend in Computing is toward smaller, faster, cheaper devices.

System clock speed Registers Cache Memory

Primary Storage

• For temporary storage to support computer processing

• Random-access memory (RAM)o Store programs and Data in currently in use

• and read-only memory (ROM)o Programs and instructions loaded when pc turned on

Random-Access Memory (RAM)

• Computer’s main or primary memory

• Stores the programs and data currently in use

• Volatile memory: instructions and work stored in RAM are lost when the computer is turned off

• Memory wall: is the growing disparity of speed between CPU and memory outside the CPU chip.

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

• Can be read but cannot be written to

• Nonvolatile

• Basis input/output system (BIOS)

Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM)

Flash memory Can be written to and erased like RAM Secondary storage / Removable

Secondary Storage

• Nonvolatile storage for permanently storing datao Example: Hard disk, CD-ROM disk

Output Devices: Video Output

• Used to display information from a computero Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)o Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) o Organic light-emitting diodes (OLED)o Projectors

Printers and Plotters

• Plotter

• Dot Matrix

• Ink-jet

• Laser

Audio Output

• Sound card and speakerso Sound card translates digits into sound

o Also used to capture sound

• Other audio outputo Example: USB headphones

1. Supercomputers

• Users: 1-to-many

• Size: Automobile—multiple rooms

• Typical use: Scientific research

• Memory: 5000+ GB

• Cost: $1-20 million

Types of Computers

2. Mainframes

• Users: 1000+

• Size: Refrigerator

• Typical use: Large general purpose business & gov’t

• Memory: Up to 1500+ GB

• Cost: $1-10 million

3.Midrange Computers

• Users: 5-500

• Size: File cabinet

• Typical use: Midsize, general purpose business

• Memory: Up to 62 GB

• Cost: $10,000-100,000

4. Microcomputers or PCs

• Users: 1

• Size: handheld—fitting on desktop

• Typical use: personal productivity

• Memory: 512MB - 2GB

• Cost: $200-5,000

i)On-Demand Computing

• Available resources allocated based on user needs (solve fluctuating computation needs)

• Utility computingo On-demand computing

rented from external provider

o Paid on as-needed

Hardware infrastructure Trends ???

ii)Grid Computing

• Combines computing power of a large number of smaller, independent, networked computers into a cohesive systemo Tasks broken down

into smaller chunks

• Dedicated vs. heterogeneous gridso Much more cost-effective than purchasing supercomputer

iii)Edge Computing

• Multiple small servers located closer to individual users

• Save bandwidth

• Decreased access time

iv) Green Computing

• Use computers more efficiently

• Large organizations with significant computing needso Save money using:

•Virtualization

•Multiple virtual machines can be configured to run on single computer

Systems Software

• Operating systems

• Responsible and ontrols the basic operations of computer hardware

• Common functions:•Booting

•Reading programs into memory

•Managing program and file storage

•Maintaining the structure of directories

•Formatting disks

•Controlling the computer monitor

•Sending documents to the printer

3. components of an organization’s software infrastructure

Operating System

• Coordinates:o peripheralso application softwareo users

• Also used in embedded devices

• Written in assembly language

• Performs day-to-day operations

The OS Acts as a Manager

Interfaces: Command vs. GUI

• Provided by operating system

• Interface types:o Command-based interface o Menu interface

• list of options

o Graphical user interface (GUI)

Graphical User Interface

• Examples:o Windows Vista

o Mac OS X

Application Software

• For performing specific user taskso Writing a business letter o Processing payroll

• Two types:o Customized (proprietary) software

•Developed specifically by or for a particular organization

o Commercial software •Purchased off the shelf

Open-Source Software

• Open-source movement aided by the advent of the Internet

• Source code is freely available for use and/or modificationo Open-source operating

system

•Linuxo Used in everything from

fridges to personal computers to supercomputers

Open-Source Application Software

• Open-source application softwareo Apache Web server

o Firefox Web browser

o OpenOffice

• Drawback:o Finding customer

support may be

difficult

Application Service Providers

• ASPs provide on-demand software access over the Web (software as a service SaaS)o Specific software located on the ASP’s server

o Accessed using Web-enabled interfaces

• Benefits:o Reduced need to maintain or upgrade software

o Fixed monthly fee for services

o Reliability

• Example: Google Calendar

Evolution of Computer Networking

• Computer networkingo Sharing of information or services

o Comparable to human communication

4. Components of an Organization’s Communications & Collaboration Infrastructure

Messages, Senders, and Receivers

• Components of communication:o Senders and receivers with something to

o A transmission medium to send the message

o Protocols (rules) dictating communication

Networking Fundamentals

• A network consists of three separate component with different roles:o Servers

o Clients

o Peers

Servers

• Only provide services

• Usually have:o More advanced

microprocessorso More memoryo Larger cache

• Many users share services

Clients

• A computer Request services

• It could be Workstations or PCs

• Or any Software applications

• Usually one user per client

• A computer that may request and provide services

• Peer-to-peer networkso Equivalent capabilities and

responsibilities

• Usually found in small offices and homes

• Popular for file sharingo Example: BitTorrent, KaZaa

• Used as distribution channelo Example: Warner Brothers

Transmission Media

• Physical pathways for sending data over network

• Message sending:o Computers send electromagnetic waves

o Waves altered by semiconductors to become 0s or 1s—known as bits

o Bits are transmitted

• Two types:o Cable media

o Wireless media

Cable Media

Key Benefits and Drawbacks of Different Cable Media

Wireless Media

Key Benefits and Drawbacks of Different Wireless Media

How Did the Internet Get Started?

• Internet—derived from internetworking

• 1960s—U.S. Defense Advanced Research Project (DARPA)o ARPANET—WAN that linked universities and research

centers

• 1986—U.S. National Science Foundationo Initiated NSFNET—became major component of the

Internet

• Other networks ultimately connectedo BITNET, CSNET, NSINET, ESNET, NORDUNET

Packet-Switching Technology

• Problem: Concurrent data transmissiono One wire and several users

• Solution: Turn taking• Messages divided into packets and sent• Packets travel independently• Reassembled by receiver• Header contains address of source and destination

TCP/IP

• Protocol of the Internet

• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)o Breaks information into packets

o Manages transfer of packets between computers

• IP (Internet Protocol)o Defines how the packet must be formed

o Contains destination address

IP Datagram

• is a data packet that conforms to the IP specifications

• Relies on IP addresso Unique address assigned to computers and

routers

• TCP helps IP deliver packets:o Checks for lost datagramso Puts received datagrams in correct ordero Discards duplicate datagrams

World Wide Web

• World Wide Web (WWW)o Graphical user interface to the Internet

o One of the most powerful uses of the Internet

• Web browser o Software application used to locate and display

Web pages

•Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer, Firefox

History of the World Wide Web

• Gopher—early menu driven tool

• Web invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991o Introduced hypertext—Web page

o Hyperlinks—links to other related documents

o HTML—standard method for specifying Web pages

•Tags specify formatting

o Web pages stored on Web servers

•HTTP—used for processing requests

•Web pages have unique URL address

World Wide Web Architecture

• Web useso Web browser

o Web server

o TCP/IP

• Cloud computing

Managing the Communication and Collaboration Infrastructure

• Diverse communication needs

• Solution:o Convergence of functionality of

various devices

o Increasing mobility

Convergence of Computing and Telecommunication

• Convergence of functionality of deviceso Cell phone and PDA

• Convergence within underlying infrastructureso IP convergence

•Voice over IP•Videoconferencing over

IP Convergence: VoIP

• Use of Internet technologies for placing telephone callso High quality of

transmission possible

o Ability to call from any place with Internet connection

IP Convergence: Videoconferencing over IP

• IP used to transmit video datao Desktop videoconferencing

o HP Halo meeting room: $200,000

Increasing Mobility

• Knowledge workers require access to information from anywhere, whenever they are,

Today knowledge workers use 2 devices; o Communication devices

o Wireless devices capable of

connecting to organization’s

internal network

• Wireless security concerns

Source: http://shop.netstumbler.com/SearchResult.aspx?CategoryID=26

Database Foundations

• Then:o Card catalogs

o File cabinets

• Now:o DBMS is software that

•Create•Store•Organize•Retrieve data

o Example: Microsoft Access

5. Components of an Organization’s Data & Knowledge

Database

• Databaseo Collection of related

data organized in a way to facilitate searches for entities

o Entities

•Something you collect data about

•Examples: people, books

Record

• Contains data about a single entityo Similar to catalog card

Think of entity as Table where each row is record and column is attribute (field )

Attributes

• Specific characteristic describing the entitieso Examples: name and

social security number are attributes of a person

Example: Entity Student

• Entity represented as a table, with rows as records and columns as attributes

Advantages of the Database Approach

1. Program-data independence

2. Minimal data redundancy

3. Improved data consistency

4. Improved data sharing

5. Increased productivity of application development

Advantages of the Database Approach (cont’d)

6. Enforcement of standards

7. Improved data quality

8. Improved data accessibility

9. Reduced program maintenance

Effective Management of Databases

• Database Administrator (DBA)o Responsible for development and

management of databases

•Works with system analysts and programmers

•Works with users and managers

• Implements security features

•Grants access rights

o One of the key actors in creating a successful database

Entering Data

• Formso Enter data about a record

o Field in a form corresponds to attribute in a record

o Used to add, modify, or delete data

Example: Computer-Based Form

Querying Data

• Query: Used to retrieve information

• Structured Query Language (SQL) o Example: Display students who earned an “A”

o Writing SQL queries can become very complex

Query by Example

• Simpler than SQL

• Drag-and- drop features

• Construct a sample of the data we would like to see

Creating Database Reports

• Reporto Compilation of data from the database

• Report generatorso Retrieve, manipulate, and display data

• Exampleo Quarterly sales for

a restaurant

• Adding

• Grouping

Operational vs. Informational Systems

Data Warehouses and Data Marts

• Data Warehouseo Integration of multiple large databases and other

information sources into a single repository

o Pull together, integrate, and share critical corporate data throughout the firm

• Data Mart o Data warehouse that is limited in scope

o Customized for the decision support applications of a particular end-user group

END OF CHAPTER CONTENT

Opening Case: Managing in the Digital World: “I Googled You!”

• January 1996—Brin and Page create BackRub

• September 1998—Google Inc. began operationso PC Magazine named it best search engine of 1998

1999—Google has 9 employees more than 500,000 searches a day

2000—world’s largest search engine 18 million queries a day

April 2002—Google’s first IPO April 2002—$85 December 2006—$266

Cookies: Harmless Identifiers or Privacy Violations?

• Cookies are used in many ways

• Cookies are benign, and let certain Web site features work correctly

• What is the concern about cookies?o Downloaded onto user’s computer without their

knowledge or consent

o Can be used to track preferences, but marketers try to target you before the Internet

o Cookie information can be aggregated by companies, public distrust

BlackBerry

• Research in Motion (RIM) introduced BlackBerry in 1999o More than 3 million users in March 2006

• NTP Inc. sued RIM claiming patent infringement o NTP sent notice of their wireless communications

patents to wireless companies (including RIM)

o RIM agreed to pay NTP $612.5 million

Google’s Larry Page and Sergey Brin

• 1st quarter results as a public company: $805.9 million

• Brin and Page are worth $12.8 billion each

• Google.org—addresses world’s most pressing problems

Developed innovative ways to increase employee morale Roller-hockey games On-site workout and

massage rooms One day a week spent

on innovation projects

Broadband Access Increases

• In 2006, nearly 70 percent of Internet users in the United States had access to broadband connections

Source: http://www.websiteoptimization.com/bw/0802

Autonomic Computing

• Autonomic computingo Self-managing

systems requiring minimal human intervention to operate

TV for the Visually Impaired

• Problem:o Patients with macular degeneration have difficulty seeing high

frequency waves in the visual spectrum, especially TV

• Solution:o Researchers designed an algorithm that specifically increases

contrast over the middle- and low- frequency ranges that patients can still see

• Results:o Analog Devices is building a prototype that they hope can be

installed on all TVs.

Movie Industry

• Movie Productiono CGI (computer-generated imagery, also known

as computer graphics, CG)

o Post production

• Theaterso Digital projectors

•Reduces distribution costs by up to 90 percent

•New 3-D technologies

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