Post on 14-Feb-2018
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Capacitors
Summary
Inside a capacitor are two surfaces, separated by insulating material. When the
capacitor is charged, one surface is positively charged, the other is negatively
charged.
A capacitor can quickly store a small amount of electrical energy. It's then said to
be charged.
Inside, are two surfaces, separated by insulating material. When the capacitor is
charged, one surface is positively charged, the other is negative.
When a circuit is closed between its terminals, the capacitor releases charge. It is
then said to be discharged.
A typical capacitor stores the charge on thin sheets of foil, with sheets ofinsulation between them. These are rolled together to form a protective canister.
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A capacitor's 'capacitance' !" is a measure of the amount of charge #" stored
on each plate for a given potential di$erence or voltage %" which appears
between the plates. In general, as the capacitance and voltage rating of the
capacitor increase, the physical si&e of the capacitor increases.
Conductors & insulators
Summary
!onductors are materials that allow electrical current to ow. Insulators are
materials that do not allow electrical current to ow.
(very substance, even air, will conduct an electrical current if enough voltage is
applied to it, but the word 'conductor' normally is used for materials that allow
current ow with little resistance.
)ost metals are good conductors. The most common conductor is copper. It's
used in virtually all the wiring that connects automotive components together.
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The heavier the current a conductor has to carry, the heavier the gauge or
thickness of the wire.
)aterials that don't conduct current easily are insulators. )ost plastics are good
insulators. The plastic covering on a wire is an e*ample of this. The ceramic
portion of a spark plug is also a good insulator.
Wires
Summary
(lectric wires are used to conduct electric current around the motor vehicle.
(lectric wires are used to conduct electric current around the motor vehicle. The
wire is commonly braided multi+stranded copper core wrapped with plastic
insulation. !opper is used as it o$ers low resistance and remains e*ible even
after years of use. ther wire con-gurations are shielded wires and ribbon.
Twisted or shielded wires have the same construction but are harnessed in pairs
and twisted to cancel the e$ect of electromagnetic interference.
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ibbon cable is found inside computers and other electronic components. It is
used for connecting between printed circuits.
Shielding
Summary
To prevent noise interference", some vehicles use shielded wiring harnesses.
The type of shielding used can be one of three forms/ twisted pair, )ylar tape
and drain lines
In certain locations within a vehicle and in environments where strong
electromagnetic interference is present, wiring harnesses are sub0ect to a
situation where unwanted electromagnetic induction occurs. This interference is
referred to as noise. To prevent noise, some vehicles use shielded wiring
harnesses. The type of shielding used can be one of three forms/ twisted pair,
)ylar tape and drain lines.
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Twisted Pair
Twisted pair uses two wires delivering signals to a common component. The
wires are uniformly twisted through the entire length of the harness. The twist
has the e$ect of cancelling any noise that occurs in the wires.
Mylar Tape
)ylar is an electrically conductive material that is wrapped around a wiring
harness inside the outer harness layer. Any noise that attempts to reach the
wires inside the shield will be absorbed by the )ylar where it will be conducted
to ground via a ground connection. If the harness is e*posed, the )ylar will have
to be rewrapped so that noise cannot penetrate into the harness.
Drain Lines
A 1rain line is a non+insulated wire that is wrapped within a wiring harness. The
drain wire is connected to ground at the harness source end and conducts any
noise to ground, negating the noise e$ect. If the drain wire is cut, it will be
inoperative so it is important the wire is not cut.
Length vs. resistance
Summary
As the length of the wire increases, so does the resistance within the wire.
Therefore the greater the length of the wire, the larger the cross+sectional area
needs to be.
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!opper is used to conduct electric current because of its low resistance value.
2owever, it does o$er some resistance, and as the length of the wire increases,
so too does the resistance within the wire. To overcome the e$ect of resistance,
the greater the length of the wire, the larger the cross+sectional area needs to
be. Increasing the cross+sectional area overcomes the resistance and maintains
the current carrying capacity of the circuit. efer to the chart below for
information about wire si&e and current carrying capacity.
Current capacity for dierent !W" wire si#es
!mperes
$e%uiredWire Length
3
)eter
3.4
)eters
5
)eters
6
)eters
7.4
)eters
8
)eters
9.4
)eters
to ' 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: 3:
( to ) 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: 38
* 3: 3: 3: 3: 3: 38 38
+ 3: 3: 3: 3: 38 38 38
+, 3: 3: 3: 3: 38 38 37
+' 3: 3: 3: 3: 37 37 35
+* 3: 3: 38 38 37 37 35
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, 3: 3: 38 38 37 35 3;
,- 3: 3: 38 38 35 35 3;
3: 38 38 37 3; 3; 3;
Wire si#es
Summary
There are two scales used to measure the si&es of wires/ )etric and AW.; 7
65.; 5
There are two di$erent methods of describing a conductor within these
standards. A wire may be described in metric si&e as 4.;, indicating it has a
cross+sectional area of 4.; mm?. It can also be e*pressed as 3;@;.4, indicating 3;
strands of wire each with a cross+sectional area of ;.4 mm?. The same can be
applied to the AW< rating.
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0uses & circuit 1rea2ers
Summary
uses and circuit breakers are used to protect electrical systems from allowing
too much current to ow.
uses and circuit+breakers are designed to break the circuit if current ow is
e*cessive. The most common kinds are fuses, fusible links, and circuit breakers.
They are all rated in amperes. Their ratings are usually marked on them.
uses are typically used in lighting and accessory circuits where current ow is
usually moderate. Typically, a fuse contains a metal strip which is designed to
overheat and melt when sub0ected to a speci-ed e*cessive level of current ow,
breaking the circuit and stopping the e*cessive current ow from potentially
damaging more valuable components.
A fusible link is typically placed near the battery, and, e*cept for the starter
motor, it carries the current needed to power an individual circuit, or a range of
circuits.
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!ircuit breakers are not destroyed by e*cess current. A bimetallic strip heats up
and bends, opening a set of contacts and breaking the circuit. In most types, as
the strip cools, it resumes its original shape. The contacts close, completing the
circuit once more.
$elays
Summary
elays act as switches that are turned on and o$ by a small current. They can
allow large current to be switched on and o$ in a circuit.
elays are switches that are turned on and o$ by a small electrical current.
Inside a relay is an electro+magnet. When a small current energi&es this electro+
magnet, it attracts an armature blade and closes contact points. !urrent that the
relay is designed to switch on or o$ can then ow across the points.
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As long as the small switching current ows to the relay, the much larger current
will ow through its contact points.
Bolid+state relays act like a mechanical relay, but do not have any moving parts.
elays can be used to control the high levels of current in a circuit with a low+
current signal, such as in a starter motor solenoid. elays can also be protective
switches, breaking circuits when faults are detected.
3allast resistor
Summary
The ballast resistor is used to reduce the voltage to the ignition coil during
normal running conditions.
A ballast resistor limits the amount of current owing in an electrical circuit.
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The most common automotive use for a ballast resistor is as to regulate the
voltage to the ignition system by being inserted in series in the primary circuit
between the ignition switch and the positive terminal of the ignition coil. It is
usually located in the open near the ignition coil so that it can dissipate its heat
into the air.
!ranking an engine causes a heavy load on a battery which can cause the
voltage to drop. Ignition systems needed to be designed so they can -re on this
reduced voltage, but when the engine is running normal operating voltage is
restored, which is then too high for the ignition system. The ballast resistor helps
the engine to -re more easily by being bypassed during cranking, and then
lowering the voltage when it is inserted into the circuit after the engine has
started to minimi&e wear on ignition components.
)ore modern solid state ignition systems do not need a ballast resistor, because
they have been designed to cope with a wider range of voltages.
$elays
Summary
elays act as switches that are turned on and o$ by a small current. They can
allow large current to be switched on and o$ in a circuit.
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elays are switches that are turned on and o$ by a small electrical current.
Inside a relay is an electro+magnet. When a small current energi&es this electro+
magnet, it attracts an armature blade and closes contact points. !urrent that the
relay is designed to switch on or o$ can then ow across the points.
As long as the small switching current ows to the relay, the much larger current
will ow through its contact points.
Bolid+state relays act like a mechanical relay, but do not have any moving parts.
elays can be used to control the high levels of current in a circuit with a low+current signal, such as in a starter motor solenoid. elays can also be protective
switches, breaking circuits when faults are detected.
Diodes
Summary
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In a circuit with an alternating current, a diode lets forward current through, but
it blocks the reverse current. This is called rectifying the current.
A diode can be thought of as the electronic version of a one+way valve. Cy
restricting the direction of movement of charge carriers, it allows an electric
current to ow in one direction, but essentially blocks it in the opposite direction.
A semiconductor diode has a single p+n 0unction. If it is connected to a current
source, with the p region connected to a negative pole, and the n+region to a
positive pole, the holes will be attracted towards the negative pole, and the
electrons to the positive pole. This enlarges the depletion layer, which makes the
insulated space larger, stopping current ow across the 0unction.
If the current source is reversed, lots of holes ow across the 0unction towards
the negative pole, and electrons travel in the opposite direction towards the
positive pole. The p+n 0unction oods with charge carriers, the depletion layer
disappears, and with it the insulator e$ect. In this direction, the diode lets
current ow.
Bo, using conventional current ow, a diode lets a low+voltage current ow
through it if current ows from its p+side to its n+side, but stops current owing
through it, from its n+side to its p+side.
A Dener diode is designed to block current ow through it, but if the voltage of
the current source is large enough, it can force current to ow through the diode.
This is called breakdown. As breakdown voltage is reached, the Dener diodeEs
resistance suddenly collapses. It lets a large current ow through it, without
damage.
Cecause Dener diodes respond to certain voltage changes like switches, they are
used in voltage regulators.
Fight+emitting diodes, or F(1Es, emit light when they are connected in a forwarddirection.
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$esistors
Summary
esistors are used to cause a drop in voltage in circuits. They are used to control
current ow.
esistors are electrical components that resist a current running through them.
Gutting a resistor in a circuit causes a drop in voltage across the resistor. Bo
resistors are commonly used to control the voltage that reaches various
components.
It is also important to remember that each electrical component also has a
resistance of its own.
)ost resistors that can carry large currents contain a coil of high+resistance wire
wound around a ceramic former to dissipate heat.
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esistance is measured in ohms, represented by a
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The chart below e!plains resistor colors. "t is good practice to memorise the various colors and their respective values.
Resistors are manufactured to a tolerance of #, $, % and #&. ( resistor with a tolerance of # will have an actual reading that is within # of its
marked value. Resistors with a tolerance of # or $ will have five identifying bands. ( resistor with a tolerance of #& will have an actual value
that is within #& of its marked value. Resistors with a tolerance of % or #& will have ) identifying bands. The tolerance band is spaced away
from the value bands.
"f a resistor has four color bands, the first two bands indicate the first two numbers of the resistor's value. The third band represents the
multiplier value and the fourth band indicates the tolerance. The image below shows a resistor with colors, Orange, *hite, +ellow and Silver. "t
has a value of - k with a #& tolerance. /Orange 0 , *hite 0 -, +ellow 0 #&&&&, Silver 0 #&1
( resistor with five color bands adds a third number value, so in this case the first three bands indicate the first three numbers of the resistor's
value. The fourth band indicates the multiplier value and the fifth band indicates the tolerance. The image below shows a resistor with colors,
Orange, Orange, *hite, 2lack and 2rown. "t has a value of - with a # tolerance. /Orange 0 , Orange 0 , *hite 0 -, 2lack 0 #, 2rown 0 #1
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Variable resistors
Summary
Some resistors found in the motor vehicle are variable. 3ariable resistors can have their value altered by movement of a slide or by
temperature change.
Resistors found on circuit boards are normally fi!ed in value. Some resistors found in the motor vehicle are variable. 3ariable resistors can have
their value altered by movement of a slide or by temperature change. The three types of variable resistors are4 Rheostats, 5otentiometers and
Thermistors. 3ariable resistors can be linear6 meaning that their resistance value varies proportionally with movement or temperature change, or
non0linear where the resistance change is not proportional with movement.
Rheostats
( rheostat is a mechanical variable resistor with two connections. They consist of a resistance wire wrapped in a loose coil connected to the
supply at one end only. ( moveable wiper is connected to the other circuit connection and is made to move over the wire manually. *hen the
wiper is close to the beginning of the coil the total resistance value is very small. (s the wiper is positioned closer to the end, the resistance
value increases. Rheostats are commonly used in dash light dimmer circuits and some fuel gauge sender units. They alter the current flow in a
circuit.
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Potentiometers
5otentiometers are mechanical variable resistors with three connections, two fi!ed and one moveable. They act as voltage dividers and as such
alter the voltage in a circuit.
( resistance wire is wrapped between two fi!ed connections. One fi!ed connection is attached to the electrical supply, the other to ground. The
third moveable connection is moved across the coil by a wiper in a similar fashion to a rheostat. The variable voltage output is taken from this
point. Throttle position sensors are potentiometers.
Thermistors
Thermistors are conductors whose resistance value is affected by temperature. There are two types4 7T8 and 5T8. 7egative Temperature 8o0
efficient thermistors alter their resistance value inversely to temperature. (s the temperature increases their resistance value decreases. 5ositive
Temperature 8o0efficient thermistors alter their resistance value proportionally to temperature. (s temperature rises so does the resistance
value. 7T8 thermistors are the most common and are used in inverted circuits for E89 inputs. They are the sensing elements of devices such
as coolant and air temperature sensors.
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Thermistors
Summary
Thermistors are semi0conductor resistors. Their resistance changes according to their temperature and they are used to control many
electrical items in the automobile.
Thermistors are semiconductor resistors. Their electrical resistance varies according to temperature. This makes them suitable for temperature
measurement, and for electronic control operations.
There are two main types of thermistor : 7T8 /7egative Temperature 8oefficient1 resistors, and 5T8 /5ositive Temperature 8oefficient1
resistors.
7T8 resistors have lower resistance at high temperatures, which means they conduct current more readily when they are hot than when they
are cold. 7T8 resistors are commonly used in temperature sensors in engine management systems.
5T8 resistors have higher resistance at high temperature, which means they conduct current less readily when they are hot than when they are
cold. This makes them useful as current limiting protective devices in circuits, instead of fuses. (s the current increases, the heat generated by
the resistor increases, which reduces the amount of current passed.
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Transistors
Summary
Transistors are used as switches, and to amplify currents. The $ types of transistor are 'npn' and 'pnp'.
Transistors are semiconductor devices used as switches, and to amplify currents. They are a key component in almost any electronic device.
There are two kinds, npn and pnp. The npn transistor has a p0type semiconductor between two n0type semiconductors. ( pnp transistor has an
n0type, between two p0types.
Each of the three regions has a terminal. The center region is always called the base. The outer regions are the collector, and the emitter. "n the
symbol, the emitter is the terminal with the arrow. always pointing to the negative material.
"n a circuit, npn transistors can act as a switch. "f the control switch is open, the depletion layer at one pn0;unction is blocking current from
flowing through the transistor and driving the load.
*ith a closed control switch, a small current flows through the emitter0base pn0;unction. The base has only a limited number of charge carriers,
so e!tra ones flow across the emitter0collector pn0;unction, letting current operate the load. The transistor then operates as a low0resistance
conductor. ( small current through the base lets larger current flow across the emitter0collector ;unction. The transistor is then said to be turnedon.
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7sing a non8powered test light
Summary
Hon+powered test lamps are very useful to determine a live part of a circuit. The
ob0ective of this procedure is to show you how to use a non+powered test light.
Part +. Preparation and safety
619ective
se a non+powered test light.
Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective
clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms toyour local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include/
Work clothing + such as coveralls and steel+capped footwear
(ye protection + such as safety glasses and face masks
(ar protection + such as earmu$s and earplugs
2and protection + such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
espiratory equipment + such as face masks and valved respirators
If you are not certain what is appropriate or required, ask your supervisor.
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Safety chec2
)ake sure the hood stay rod is secure.
Always make sure that you wear the appropriate personal protection
equipment before starting the 0ob. It is very easy to hurt yourself evenwhen the most e*haustive protection measures are taken.
Always make sure that your work area@environment is as safe as you can
make it. 1o not use damaged, broken or worn out workshop equipment.
Always follow any manufacturer's personal safety instructions to prevent
damage to the vehicle you are servicing.
)ake sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal
safety procedures when carrying out the following tasks. If you are unsure
of what these are, ask your supervisor.
Points to note
Hon+powered test lamps are very useful to determine a live part of a
circuit. 2owever, make sure that the circuit you are testing does not carry
more voltage than the light in the test lamp can handle, otherwise
damage could result.
Part ,: Step81y8step instruction
3. 5erify the test light is operational
!onnect the end of the light with the clip on it to the battery negative
terminal. Touch the probe end of the test light to the battery positive
terminal and the light should come on.
5. Connect to 2nown good ground
!onnect the clip to any known good ground close to the area to be tested.
A typical known good ground is any unpainted metal surface on the
vehicle that is directly attached to the battery ground return system.
6. Chec2 a circuitFocate the device to be tested and place the probe so that the test light
circuit is in parallel to it. If there is voltage present the light will come on.
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7sing a lead light
Summary
Also known as drop lights or utility lights, the light a lead light produces can
make locating components and faults easier and more accurate. The ob0ective of
this procedure is to show you how to demonstrate the correct method of
operating a lead light.
Part +. Preparation and safety
619ective
1emonstrate the correct method of operating a lead light.
Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective
clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to
your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include/
Work clothing + such as coveralls and steel+capped footwear
(ye protection + such as safety glasses and face masks
(ar protection + such as earmu$s and earplugs
2and protection + such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
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espiratory equipment + such as face masks and valved respirators
If you are not certain what is appropriate or required, ask your supervisor.
Safety chec2
1o not stand on wet oors or in puddles when using electrical equipment.
Cefore connecting the light to the power supply check the power cord for
splits or cha-ng. If there are any e*posed wires, the cord will need to be
replaced. efer this to your supervisor.
Always disconnect the power supply before plugging or unplugging an
electrical connection.
Cefore replacing blown or faulty bulbs make sure you disconnect the lead
light from its power supply.
)ake sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal
safety procedures when carrying out the following tasks. If you are unsure
of what these are, ask your supervisor.
Points to note
Fead lights, also known as drop lights or utility lights, are very useful tools.
The light they produce can make locating components and faults easier
and more accurate.
Fead lights are available with either uorescent tubes or incandescentbulbs.
The type that uses uorescent tubes produces white light and little heat.
The tube is protected in a shockproof casing that contains a light shield.
There will usually be attaching hooks located at either end of the case to
allow the light to be suspended from a convenient location.
5;J of the power uorescent tubes consume is converted to white light.
The uorescent light normally receives power from a transformer.
Incandescent lead lights are cheaper than the uorescent type but they
are not as shock resistant or as safe. A wire cage protects the bulb and if it
breaks the e*posed -lament connections can pass electric current to
anything that touches them. About 4J of the power they consume is
converted to yellow@white light. The rest is wasted as heat, so they can
become a ha&ard after long periods of use.
The power for the bulb usually comes from the domestic supply, however
there are some models that operate at 35+ or 57+volts.
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Part ,: Step81y8step instruction
3. Connect the lamp
Glug the lead lamp into a socket near your work area. )ake sure the lamp
cord is placed where nobody can trip over it.
5. Secure the lamp
Becure the lamp near your working area. )ake sure itEs positioned so your
hands donEt block the light while youEre working. The lamp should also be
kept away from your face and head. The lights are designed to be handled
safely even after long periods of work.
6. $eplacing 1ul1s
If the bulb burns out refer to the light manufacturerEs instruction book for
replacement details. The bulbs come in various mounting con-gurations.
7. 7nplug and put awayWhen -nished using the lamp, unplug it and put it away in a safe place.
7sing a D56M to measure continuity
Summary
The ob0ective of this procedure is to show you how to use a 1%) to measure
continuity. When checking continuity with a 1%), the power supplied to the
circuit during operation )BT be switched .
Part +. Preparation and safety
619ective
se a 1%) to measure continuity.
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Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective
clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to
your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include/
Work clothing K such as coveralls and steel+capped footwear
(ye protection K such as safety glasses and face masks
(ar protection K such as earmu$s and earplugs
2and protection + such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
espiratory equipment + such as face masks and valved respirators
If you are not certain what is appropriate or required, ask your supervisor.
Safety chec2
)ake sure the hood stay rod is secure.
Always make sure that you wear the appropriate personal protectionequipment before starting the 0ob. It is very easy to hurt yourself even
when the most e*haustive protection measures are taken.
Always make sure that your work area@environment is as safe as you can
make it. 1o not use damaged, broken or worn out workshop equipment.
Always follow any manufacturer's personal safety instructions to prevent
damage to the vehicle you are servicing.
)ake sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal
safety procedures when carrying out the following tasks. If you are unsureof what these are, ask your supervisor.
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Points to note
1%) stands for 1igital %olt hm )eter.
1%)s come in many forms. Always follow the speci-c manufacturer's
instructions in the use of the meter, or serious damage either to the meterand@or to the electrical circuit could result.
When checking continuity with a 1%), the power supplied to the circuit
during operation )BT be switched .
Part ,: Step81y8step instruction
3. Set up the meter for a continuity chec2
)ake sure there is no power connected to any circuit that you test for
continuity, then prepare the 1igital %olt hm )eter or 1%) for testing
voltage by inserting the black probe lead into the LcommonM input port,
and the red probe lead into the L%olt@hmsM input port.
5. Chec2 the meter functionTurn the rotary dial of the 1%) to the mode that includes the term
L!ontinuityM. The 1igital 1isplay should now give you an Nut of FimitsE
reading indicating that there is not a continuous circuit connection
between the two probes. Touch the probe ends together. The display
should now give a &ero reading, which indicates no resistance. This means
that there is a continuous circuit through the probes. Bome meters also
indicate continuity with an audible tone.
6. Chec2 a fuse
ne typical use of the test is to determine whether a fuse needs to be
replaced. If the fuse has been overloaded and NblownE, then it will no
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longer complete a circuit when a 1%) is used to test it. To check this,
place the black probe on one end of the fuse and the red probe on the
other. If the fuse is functioning correctly then the reading will be &ero,
indicating a complete, or closed, circuit. If the fuse is open, then there will
be no reading and no tone, indicating an incomplete, or open, circuit.
7. Test other components
A continuity test is used to check for a broken circuit caused by a break in
a cable or lead, or caused by a component becoming disconnected. The
same test can also con-rm whether there is continuity between
components, which are not supposed to be connected. When this occurs, it
is known as a Nshort circuitE. This test can also be used to check circuits
that are suspected to have a high resistance
7sing a D56M to measure voltage
Summary
The ob0ective of this procedure is to show you how to use a 1%) to measure
voltage. Always follow the speci-c manufacturer's instructions in the use of the
meter, or serious damage either to the meter and@or to the electrical circuit could
result.
Part +. Preparation and safety
619ective
se a 1%) to measure voltage.
Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective
clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to
your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include/
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Work clothing K such as coveralls and steel+capped footwear
(ye protection K such as safety glasses and face masks
(ar protection K such as earmu$s and earplugs
2and protection + such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
espiratory equipment + such as face masks and valved respirators
If you are not certain what is appropriate or required, ask your supervisor.
Safety chec2
)ake sure the hood stay rod is secure.
Always make sure that you wear the appropriate personal protection
equipment before starting the 0ob. It is very easy to hurt yourself evenwhen the most e*haustive protection measures are taken.
Always make sure that your work area@environment is as safe as you can
make it. 1o not use damaged, broken or worn out workshop equipment.
Always follow any manufacturer's personal safety instructions to prevent
damage to the vehicle you are servicing.
)ake sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal
safety procedures when carrying out the following tasks. If you are unsure
of what these are, ask your supervisor.
Points to note
1%) stands for 1igital %olt hm )eter.
1%)s come in many forms. Always follow the speci-c manufacturer's
instructions in the use of the meter, or serious damage either to the meter
and@or to the electrical circuit could result.
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Part ,: Step81y8step instruction
3. Set up the meter for a voltage chec2
Grepare the 1igital %olt hm )eter or 1%) for testing voltage by
inserting the black probe lead into the LcommonM input port, and the red
probe lead into the L%olt@hmsM input port.
5. Chec2 the meter function
Turn the rotary dial until you have selected the mode for L%olts 1!M. Thereading on the meter should now be at Dero. Bome meters will
automatically sense the correct voltage range when a voltage is detected.
n other meters you will have to set the voltage range before using the
meter.
6. Chec2 the voltage of a 1attery
Glace the Clack probe onto the Hegative terminal of the battery, which will
be marked with a )inus sign, and place the ed probe onto the Gositive
terminal of the battery, which is marked with a Glus sign.
7. ;nterpret the results
Hote the voltage reading from this 35+volt battery. If the battery is fully
charged the meter will give a reading that is 35.8 volts or more. If it is HT
fully charged the reading will be less than 35.8 volts.
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Stripping wire insulation
Summary
The ob0ective of this procedure is to show you how to correctly strip an electrical
wire and connect a solderless connector. Always use the correct tool for stripping
the insulation from a wire, it is much safer and more e$ective.
Part +. Preparation and safety
619ective
!orrectly strip an electrical wire and connect a solderless connector.
Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective
clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to
your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include/
Work clothing + such as coveralls and steel+capped footwear
(ye protection + such as safety glasses and face masks
(ar protection + such as earmu$s and earplugs
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2and protection + such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
espiratory equipment + such as face masks and valved respirators
If you are not certain what is appropriate or required, ask your supervisor.
Safety chec2
Hever use a sharp blade or knife to remove insulation. Oou can cut yourself
seriously if the blade slips.
Wire stripping pliers have sharp edges and require a tight grip. 1o not trap
your skin between the 0aws= otherwise you risk a severe cut.
When removing the insulation from wire, push away from you rather than
towards you.
)ake sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personalsafety procedures when carrying out the following tasks. If you are unsure
of what these are, ask your supervisor.
Points to note
An insulating layer of plastic covers electrical wire used in automotive
wiring harnesses.
When electrical wire is 0oined to other wires or connected to a terminal,
the insulation needs to be removed.
Wire stripping tools come in various con-gurations. They all perform the
same task. The type of tool you use or purchase will depend on the
amount of electrical wire repairs you perform.
Part ,: Step81y8step instruction
3. Choose the correct stripping tool
The purpose of a wire stripping tool is to allow you to remove the
insulation from around the copper core of a cable without damaging thecable or yourself. Hever use a knife or other type of sharp instrument to
cut away insulation from a cable, as it is very easy for these to slip and
you can in0ure yourself. sing side cutters or pliers can also be dangerous=
and these are also less e$ective as they often cut away some of the
strands of wire as well. This is known as ringing the wire, which e$ectively
reduces the current carrying capacity of the wire.
5. Select the correct gauge hole
sing the correct tool is much safer and more e$ective. Wire strippers can
remove the insulation from di$erent gauges of cable, so select the hole in
the stripper that is closest to the diameter of the core in the cable to be
stripped.
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6. Cut the insulation
Glace the cable in the hole and close the 0aws -rmly around it to cut the
insulation. If you have selected the right gauge, then this will cut through
the insulation but not through the copper core. nly remove as much
insulation as is necessary to do the 0ob. Too little bare wire may not
achieve a good connection, and too much may e*pose the wire to a
potential short circuit with other circuits or to ground. emoving more than
half an inch or 3.5 centimeters of insulation at a time can also stretch and
damage the core.
7. $emove the insulation
Bome strippers automatically cut and remove the insulation. thers 0ust
make the cut and hold the cable tightly, and you need to pull -rmly on the
wire to remove the insulation and strip out the copper core. To keep the
strands together, give them a light twist.
;nstalling a solderless terminal
Summary
There are di$erent types and si&es of wire terminals, but the procedure for
installing all of them is the same. The ob0ective of this procedure is to show youhow to correctly strip an electrical wire and connect a solderless terminal.
Part +. Preparation and safety
619ective
!orrectly strip an electrical wire and connect a solderless terminal.
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Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective
clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to
your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include/
Work clothing + such as coveralls and steel+capped footwear
(ye protection + such as safety glasses and face masks
(ar protection + such as earmu$s and earplugs
2and protection + such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
espiratory equipment + such as face masks and valved respirators
If you are not certain what is appropriate or required, ask your supervisor.
Safety chec2
Wire stripping pliers have sharp edges and require a tight grip. 1o not trap
your skin between the 0aws= otherwise you risk a severe cut.
When removing the insulation from wire, push away from you rather than
towards you.
)ake sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal
safety procedures when carrying out the following tasks. If you are unsure
of what these are, ask your supervisor.
Points to note
Bolderless terminals require a clean, tight connection. Bo make sure the
wire and the connection are clean before -tting any terminals.
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se connections that match the si&e of the wire.
1o not use side cutters, pliers or a knife to strip the wire. sing these tools
will damage some of the wire strands and may break the wire inside the
insulation.
To keep the wires together after stripping them, give them a slight twist.
1o not twist the wire too much= otherwise you risk a poor wire+to+terminal
connection.
se the correct crimping tool for the connection. sing the wrong type of
tool will cause the connection to have a poor grip on the wire.
Part ,: Step81y8step instruction
3. Select the terminal
There are di$erent types and si&es of wire terminals, but the procedure for
installing all of them is the same. This is a bullet type of crimp terminal.
)ake sure you have the correct si&e of terminal for the wire to be
terminated, and that the terminal has the correct volt@amp rating for the
0ob it is to perform.
5. Strip the wire
emove an appropriate amount of the protective insulation from the wire.
Always use a proper stripping tool that is in good condition.
6. Place the terminal on the wire
Oou will get a better connection if you do not twist the strands together
tightly before placing them through the terminal, as this gives the terminal
more surface area to come in contact with the wires when crimped.
2owever, it can be diPcult to insert the wires into the terminal if they are
all 0ust loose strands, so twist them together 0ust enough to help you insert
them cleanly. Glace the bullet or terminal onto the wire. It is important that
the stripped part of the wire does not e*tend beyond the insulated part of
the terminal.
7. 7se an alternative terminalBome types of crimp terminals do not have an insulation component -*ed
to them. These come in two parts and the insulator is supplied as a
separate component. In these cases, always make sure that the NcoreE of
the wire to be crimped e*tends through the Ncore wingsE in the terminal.
4. Select the crimping anvil
se a proper crimping tool for pin or core crimping. 1 HT use pliers as
they have a tendency to cut through the connection, which can give
trouble during service. Belect the proper anvil for the connector or
terminal selected. These are usually color+coded so it is easy to match theterminal with the right si&e anvil.
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8. Crimp the terminal
!rimp the NcoreE section -rst. se -rm pressure so that a good electrical
contact will be made, but not e*cessive force as this can bend the pin or
terminal. Then crimp the insulation wings or section. This crimp is on the
wire insulation to hold the cable in place, not for electrical contact, so you
do not need to crimp this section quite as hard.
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Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective
clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to
your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include/
Work clothing + such as coveralls and steel+capped footwear
(ye protection + such as safety glasses and face masks
(ar protection + such as earmu$s and earplugs
2and protection + such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
espiratory equipment + such as face masks and valved respirators
If you are not certain what is appropriate or required, ask your supervisor.
Safety chec2
The soldering iron tip needs to be very hot in order to melt solder. 1o not
burn yourself with the soldering tip.
1o not inhale the fumes that are released during the soldering process=they can irritate your respiratory system.
If the soldering iron is electrically heated, do not use it while standing in
water or engine coolant.
Hever apply solder to a live electrical circuit.
)ake sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal
safety procedures when carrying out the following tasks. If you are unsure
of what these are, ask your supervisor.
Points to note
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Bolder used in automotive electrical applications is an alloy typically made
up of 8;J tin and 7;J lead. Bolder needs to change from a solid state into
liquid easily and return to its solid state quickly.
Bolder is available as solid or u* cored. Bolid solder requires an e*ternal
u* to be applied in the soldering process. lu* cored solder has a bead ofu* through the center of the solder. lu* cored solder is also referred to
as rosin cored solder
lu* is needed to prevent the metals being 0oined from o*idi&ing when
they are heated. lu* is normally acidic and needs to be removed after the
soldering process so that the 0oin does not corrode.
Bolder is applied with a hot soldering iron. The soldering iron is heated
electrically or by an e*ternal source such as a butane or o*yacetylene
torch.
The soldering iron tip absorbs heat that is then applied to the materials to
be 0oined. nce they are hot enough, solder is able to melt between the
components.
or a connection to be successful, the soldering iron needs to be QtinnedQ.
The tinning process assists in transferring heat to the wire. The soldering
iron tip is heated, and a small amount of solder is applied to the tip.
(*cess solder is removed with a cloth rag.
The soldering iron tip is applied to the wire so heat is transferred to the
wire. 1o not apply too much heat or the insulation may melt.
Part ,: Step81y8step instruction
3. Safely position soldering iron
When using a soldering iron you must be careful not to burn yourself or
any part of the vehicle you are working on. The tip of the soldering iron
has to be hot enough to melt metal solder, so make sure it is in a safe
position and not touching anything.
5. Prepare the wires to 1e 9oined
While the soldering iron is heating, remove an appropriate amount of the
protective insulation from the wires. Always use a proper stripping tool
that is in good condition. If you intend to seal the 0oin with a heat shrink
sleeve, cut a section of this tubular material long enough to overlap the
cable insulation on both sides of the 0oin and slide it over the end of one of
the wires before 0oining them.
6.
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touching each other, then although there may be a strong physical
connection there may not be a good electrical connection. This is known
as a Ndry 0oint'. It is also very important that the surfaces be very clean
before soldering or there will be a poor connection.
7. !pply solder to splicese the soldering iron to gently heat up the wires and melt some solder.
Glace the soldering iron onto the 0oined wires to ensure that 0ust enough
solder runs smoothly into the wires. Ce careful not to use too much solder
and if you apply too much heat, you will melt the wire insulation. When
you have -nished soldering, clean any e*cess u* from the 0oint with a rag
and a little solvent.
4. Sleeve the 9oin
nce the electrical connection has been made, and it has cooled down
enough for you to be able to handle it, slide the insulator sleeve cover
over the 0oin. There are di$erent types of sleeving. The most popular type
is shrink wrapped onto the 0oin with a heat source. Another type contains a
glue which when heated melts into and seals the 0oint. If there is no heat
shrink sleeving available, then it is possible to seal and protect the splice
with electrical insulating tape.
8. Chec2 the connection length
To solder a wire to a terminal connector, you will get a better connection if
you do not twist the wire strands together tightly before placing them
through the terminal as this gives the terminal more surface area to come
in contact with the wire when soldered. 2owever, it can be diPcult toinsert the wires in the terminal if they are 0ust loose strands, so twist them
0ust enough to help you insert them cleanly. Glace the bullet or terminal
onto the wire to check that the stripped part of the wire does not e*tend
beyond the insulated shoulder of the terminal. Then remove the wire from
the terminal.
9. !pply solder
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##. #$. #. #).
15. Lead-acid batteries#.
#-. Summary
$&. ?ead0acid batteries are the most commonly used rechargeable batteries today. They also represent the oldest design with one of the worst
energy0to0weight ratios, they are cheap and can supply the high surge currents needed in starter motors.
$#.
$$. The wet cell lead acid battery is the main storage device in automotive use. (n automotive battery can supply very high discharge currents while
maintaining a high voltage 0 useful for cold starting. "t gives a high power output for its compact sie, and it is recharge0able.
$. The most common standard #$0volt car batteries consist of si! cells, each of a nominal $ volts. Each cell contains two electrodes, one of lead
/5b1 and the other of lead pero!ide /5bO$1, in an electrolyte of dilute sulfuric acid /@$SO)1. (s the battery discharges, both the electrodes turn
into lead sulfate and the acid turns into water. Recharging the battery reverses this process.
$). "n a conventional open wet0cell battery, overcharging will generate hydrogen and o!ygen gas, a highly e!plosive mi!. The sulfuric acid in
batteries can also be very harmful, so batteries should always be handled with care, and only when wearing protective clothing.
$%. $. $-. &.
31. Batteries & cells$.
.
).
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%. Summary
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%. "n a discharged lead0acid cell, the active material of both plates is lead sulfate, and the electrolyte is mostly water, a very weak sulfuric acid
solution.
%-. *hen being charged, the cell is connected to a A8 electrical source with electrical pressure higher than that of the cell, since it must act like an
electron pump forcing electrons from the positive plates to the negative plates.
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Summary
Catteries come in many si&es and power ratings, so always check the rating of
the battery you are servicing. The ob0ective of this procedure is to show you how
to inspect and test a battery.
Part +. Preparation and safety
619ective
Inspect and test a battery.
Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective
clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to
your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include/
Work clothing K such as coveralls and steel+capped footwear
(ye protection K such as safety glasses and face masks
(ar protection K such as earmu$s and earplugs
2and protection + such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
espiratory equipment + such as face masks and valved respirators
If you are not certain what is appropriate or required, ask your supervisor.
Safety chec2
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)ake sure that the hood is secure with a hood stay rod.
Always make sure that you wear the appropriate personal protection
equipment before starting the 0ob. emember that batteries contain acid
and it is very easy to hurt yourself even when the most e*haustive
protection measures are taken.
Always make sure that your work area@environment is as safe as you can
make it. 1o not use damaged, broken or worn out workshop equipment.
Always follow any manufacturer's personal safety instructions to prevent
damage to the vehicle you are working on.
)ake sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal
safety procedures when carrying out the following tasks. If you are unsure
of what these are, ask your supervisor.
Points to note
Catteries come in many si&es and power ratings, so always check the
rating of the battery you are servicing. The rating provides a testing
benchmark for battery performance.
The hydrometer used to measure the speci-c gravity of the electrolyte
must be handled carefully and safely.
Btore the hydrometer in a safe receptacle before and after use. Bmall
amounts of electrolyte in the hydrometer can leak out and damage the
vehicle paintwork.
1o not remove electrolyte from one cell to another when testing= this will
cause incorrect readings.
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Part ,: Step81y8step instruction
3. "eneral condition chec2s
Bwitch on the ignition. The charge light on the dash should light up, and
go out when you start the engine. This indicates that the alternator is
charging the battery. Turn the engine o$. Bwitch on the headlights of thevehicle, then start the engine and see if the lights brighten signi-cantly. If
they do, then this indicates that the alternator is charging the battery
more than it is being drained by the lights. If you do not have someone
else to start the engine for you, 0udge the brightness by shining the lights
onto a reective surface such as a wall. !heck that the battery casing and
the terminals are in good condition. This can generally be achieved 0ust
with a visual inspection, however, since the battery may be located in a
position where you cannot see all of it, you may have to remove it to
complete the inspection, after performing any other on+car tests.
5. Chec2 and ad9ust =uid level
A sealed or low+maintenance battery has no removable cell covers, so you
cannot ad0ust or test the uid levels inside 2owever, some of these do
have visual indicators that provide information on the status of the charge
and condition of the battery cells. (ach manufacturer provides details of
these visual indicators so refer to these when undertaking an inspection. If
the battery is not a sealed unit, it will have removable caps or bars on top.
emove them, and look inside to check the level of the battery uid, which
is called the electrolyte. If the level is below the tops of the plates and
their separators inside add distilled water or water with a low mineral
content until it 0ust covers them. Ce careful not to over+-ll the cells as they
could LboilM over when charging.
6. Conduct speci>c gravity test
Test the speci-c gravity of each of the cells by using a hydrometer
designed for battery testing. 1raw some of the electrolyte into the tester
and look at the oat inside it. A scale indicates the relative charge state of
the battery by measuring how high the oat sits in relation to the uid
level. A very low overall reading of 334; or below indicates a low state of
charge. A high overall reading of about 36;; indicates a high state of
charge. The reading from each cell should be the same. If one or two cellsare very di$erent from the rest that indicates there is something wrong
with the battery.
7. Conduct voltage test with D56M
Belect the %olts 1! position on your 1%) and attach the probes to the
battery terminals red to positive and black to negative". With all vehicle
accessories switched o$ and the battery at 9; degrees ahrenheit or 53
degrees !elsius, the voltage reading should be 35.8 volts if the battery is
fully charged. This will be slightly lower at cooler temperatures.
4. Conduct load test)easure the continuous load capability of the battery with a load tester.
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efer to the manual of the particular tester for its operating instructions. A
load tester induces a high rate of discharge in the battery, like the load
created by a cranking starter motor. A battery is rated in ampere hours,
which means that it can supply a certain number of amperes for a
speci-ed length of time under continuous load. Another measurement
used is International Btandard !old !ranking Amps. !heck the
speci-cations for the battery you are testing. If it can meet these
speci-cations under a load test then it is in good condition. There are
di$erent makes and types of load testers. Always use the equipment
manufacturers recommended testing procedure.
Cleaning & replacing a 1attery
Summary
The ob0ective of this procedure is to show you how to clean and replace an
automotive battery. The -rst step is to disconnect the battery, always removing
the clamp from the negative terminal -rst.
Part +. Preparation and safety
619ective
!lean and replace an automotive battery.
Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective
clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to
your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include/
Work clothing + such as coveralls and steel+capped footwear
(ye protection + such as safety glasses and face masks
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(ar protection + such as earmu$s and earplugs
2and protection + such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
espiratory equipment + such as face masks and valved respirators
If you are not certain what is appropriate or required, ask your supervisor.
Safety chec2
)ake sure that the hood is secure with a hood stay rod before going under
it.
Always make sure that you wear the appropriate personal protection
equipment before starting the 0ob. emember, batteries contain acid and
it is very easy to hurt yourself even when the most e*haustive protection
measures are taken.
Always make sure that your work area@environment is as safe as you can
make it. 1o not use damaged, broken or worn out workshop equipment.
Always follow any manufacturer's personal safety instructions to prevent
damage to the vehicle you are servicing.
)ake sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal
safety procedures when carrying out the following tasks. If you are unsure
of what these are, ask your supervisor.
Points to note
Always remove the negative terminal -rst when disconnecting the battery
and -t the negative terminal last when reconnecting the battery.
Automotive batteries can look lighter than they really are.
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If replacing a smaller battery with a larger one, replace the restraining
device and tray used to secure the new battery.
Ce sure that you do not connect the battery up with reverse polarity
because this could send an unwanted voltage spike into the electronic
circuit and possibly damage the (lectronic !ontrol nit (!".
1isconnecting the battery will usually clear all the codes that are used to
maintain the memory for the vehicle's on+board computer. This may erase
all the radio presets and security codes.
In some cases, the vehicle will even go into a type of QsleepQ mode. This
can prevent the vehicle from starting after the battery has been
reconnected.
Bome manufacturers recommend connecting a >+volt dry cell battery to
the cigarette lighter with an au*iliary plug before the battery isdisconnected. This should supply enough power to maintain the memory
while the battery is changed over.
Part ,: Step81y8step instruction
3. Disconnect 1attery
Always remove the cable clamp from the negative terminal -rst. The
negative terminal is marked with a minus sign. Then remove the positive
terminal, the one with the plus sign. Oou will later replace them in reverseorder, positive cable -rst and then the negative cable. While they are
unconnected, bend the cables back, or if necessary tie them out of the
way, so that they cannot fall back and touch the terminals.
5. $emove 1attery restraints
emove the battery restraints or other hardware holding the battery down.
1epending on the type of vehicle, you will need to unbolt or unscrew or
unclip the restraint and move it away from the battery. Reeping it upright,
remove the battery from its tray and place it on a clean level surface. Oou
are now ready to inspect it.
6. 5isual inspection
!arefully wipe the battery with a clean cloth. It is best to wear rubber
gloves while doing this in case any corrosive electrolyte has leaked from
the battery. Then safely dispose of the cloth. If you see ma0or cracks in the
battery case or obvious terminal damage, the battery should be replaced
regardless of its electrical performance. If the battery is not serviceable,
donEt 0ust dump it into the trash where it will be a ha&ard to the
environment. Catteries are recyclable, and can be rebuilt and returned into
service.
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7. Clean terminals
If there are powdery deposits on the terminals, clean them o$. It may be
enough to brush the deposits o$ the terminal posts and cable clamps with
a non+metallic brush and a mi*ture of baking soda and water. Bprinkle the
baking soda onto the terminal, dip the brush in clean water, and scrub the
deposits away. If this is not e$ective, use a battery terminal cleaner and
brush to provide a good, solid mechanical and electrical connection.
4. Clean clamps
(*amine the battery cables to see whether they are badly frayed or
corroded. If the damage looks e*tensive, the cables and clamps should be
replaced. !lean the insides of the cable clamps with the clamp cleaner
that is usually supplied with a terminal brush. If you donEt have the correct
brushes, use a soapless steel wool pad instead. 1ry the terminals and
clamps with a clean, disposable, lint+free rag. To prevent corrosive deposits
from forming, coat the terminals with some anti+corrosion terminal grease.
8. Clean the 1attery tray
!lean the battery tray with a mi*ture of baking soda and water, or some
other approved cleaning solutions using a small non+metallic brush. Wipe
the tray clean and dry, then replace the cleaned and serviceable battery.
eplace the restraints and make sure they are holding the battery securely
in position. If a new battery is to be installed be sure to compare the
outside dimensions as well as the type of terminals and their locations
prior to installation. These )BT meet the original manufacturerEs
speci-cations.
9. $econnect the 1attery terminals
econnect the battery terminals, Gositive -rst, and then Hegative. Test
that you have a good electrical connection by starting the vehicle.
Charging a 1attery
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Summary
The ob0ective of this procedure is to show you how to correctly charge a battery
using battery charging equipment. Cefore charging a battery always carry out a
visual inspection of the battery to ensure there are no cracks or holes in the
casing.
Part +. Preparation and safety
619ective
!orrectly charge a battery using battery charging equipment.
Personal safety
Whenever you perform a task in the workshop you must use personal protective
clothing and equipment that is appropriate for the task and which conforms to
your local safety regulations and policies. Among other items, this may include/
Work clothing + such as coveralls and steel+capped footwear
(ye protection + such as safety glasses and face masks
(ar protection + such as earmu$s and earplugs
2and protection + such as rubber gloves and barrier cream
espiratory equipment + such as face masks and valved respirators
If you are not certain what is appropriate or required, ask your supervisor.
Safety chec2
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)ake all connections between the battery charger and the battery to be
charged before connecting to the power supply or turning LHM any
switches.
Hever try to charge a 'fro&en' battery.
)ake sure that the voltage used to charge the system never e*ceeds the
system design while charging. or instance if you connect two 35 volt
batteries in 'series' for charging you should use the 57 volt setting on the
charger, however if you connect the same two batteries in 'parallel' you
should only use the 35 volt setting on the charger.
Hever allow a spark or ame to get near the battery.
Always use the markings on the battery to determine the positive and
negative terminals. Hever simply use the colour of the cables to determine
the positive or negative terminals.
)ake sure that you understand and observe all legislative and personal
safety procedures when carrying out the following tasks. If you are unsure
of what these are, ask your supervisor.
Points to note
Blow charging a battery is less stressful on a battery than fast charging is.
Always remove the negative battery terminal while changing a battery to
reduce risk to the vehicle, especially with todayEs electronically intensivecars. se a 'memory minder' to retain electronic settings.
After charging the battery and reinstalling it, always clean the battery
terminals and posts.
Part ,: Step81y8step instruction
3. ;nspect the 1attery
!arry out a visual inspection of the battery to ensure there are no cracks
or holes in the casing.
5. Connect the charger
!heck the charger is unplugged from the wall and turned o$. !onnect the
red lead from the charger to the positive battery terminal. !onnect the
black lead from the charger to the negative battery terminal. Turn the
charger on. !heck the charger amperage output to ensure the battery is
charging correctly. A slow charger usually charges at a rate of less than 4
amperes. A fast charger charges at a much higher ampere rate depending
on the original battery state of charge and should only be carried out
under constant supervision.
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6. Disconnect the charger
nce the battery is charged turn the charger o$. 1isconnect the black lead
from the negative battery terminal, and the red lead from the positive
battery terminal.
7. Test the 1atteryAllow the battery to stand for at least 4 minutes before testing the battery.
sing a load tester or hydrometer, test the charged state of the battery.