Post on 12-Jan-2016
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BiologyMr. Karns
Endocrine glands
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
The endocrine glands are scattered throughout the body.
The human endocrine system regulates a variety of activities.
Any improper functioning of an endocrine gland may result in a disease or a disorder.
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39-2 Human Endocrine Glands
The major glands of the endocrine system include:
• the pituitary gland
• the hypothalamus
• the thyroid gland
• the parathyroid glands
• the adrenal glands
• the pancreas
• the reproductive glands
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Pituitary Gland
Pituitary Gland
What is the function of the pituitary gland?
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Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland secretes nine hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls the actions of several other endocrine glands.
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Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland is a structure at the base of the skull.
The gland is divided into two parts: the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary.
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Pituitary Gland
The Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
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Pituitary Gland
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Pituitary Gland
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Pituitary Gland
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
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Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is the part of the brain attached to the posterior pituitary.
The hypothalamus controls the secretions of the pituitary gland.
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
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Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is influenced by hormone levels in the blood and by sensory information.
Interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system take place at the hypothalamus.
The close connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland means that the nervous and endocrine systems act together to coordinate body activities.
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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
What is the function of the thyroid gland?
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Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is located at the base of the neck and wraps around the upper part of the trachea.
The thyroid gland has the major role in regulating the body's metabolism.
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Thyroid Gland
The thyroid produces thyroxine.
Thyroxine regulates the metabolic rate of cells.
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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Gland
Larynx
Thyroid gland
Esophagus
Trachea
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Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Disorders
Hyperthyroidism: the body produces too much thyroxine. It is characterized by elevated temperature and metabolic rate, increased blood pressure, and weight loss.
Hypothyroidism: the body produces too little thyroxine. It is characterized by lower temperature and metabolic rate, lack of energy, and weight gain.
Goiter: enlargement of thyroid gland. Caused by an iodine deficiency.
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Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Glands
What is the function of the parathyroid glands?
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Parathyroid Glands
The four parathyroid glands are found on the back surface of the thyroid gland.
Hormones from the thyroid gland and the parathyroid glands act to maintain homeostasis of calcium levels in the blood.
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Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).
PTH regulates calcium levels in the blood by increasing reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys and by increasing uptake of calcium from the digestive system.
PTH affects other organ systems, promoting proper nerve and muscle function and bone structure.
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Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Glands
What is the function of the adrenal glands?
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Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands are two pyramid-shaped structures that sit on top of the kidneys, one gland on each kidney.
The adrenal glands release hormones that help the body prepare for and deal with stress.
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal gland
Kidney
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Adrenal Glands
An adrenal gland has an outer part called the adrenal cortex and an inner part called the adrenal medulla.
Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Cortex
The adrenal cortex produces over 24 steroid hormones.
The hormone aldosterone regulates reabsorption of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions by the kidneys.
The hormone cortisol controls the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Medulla
The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla prepares the body for energy-intense activities.
The two hormones released by the adrenal medulla are epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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Adrenal Glands
Epinephrine and norepinephrine:
• increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to the muscles.
• cause air passageways to open wider, allowing for an increased intake of oxygen.
• stimulate the release of extra glucose into the blood to help produce a sudden burst of energy.
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Pancreas
Pancreas
What is the function of the pancreas?
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Pancreas
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions.
It is a digestive gland whose secretions break down food.
It produces insulin and glucagon.
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Pancreas
Insulin and glucagon help to keep the level of glucose in the blood stable.
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Pancreas
Insulin stimulates cells in the liver and muscles to remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen or fat.
Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose back into the blood.
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Pancreas
Maintaining Blood Sugar Levels
When glucose levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin.
Insulin stimulates cells to take glucose out of the bloodstream.
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Pancreas
Glucose taken out of circulation is stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.
In fat tissue, glucose is converted to lipids.
When blood glucose level drops, glucagon is released from the pancreas.
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Pancreas
Glucagon stimulates liver cells and skeletal muscles to break down glycogen and increase glucose levels.
It causes fat cells to break down fats for production of carbohydrates.
This makes more chemical energy available and helps raise the blood glucose level back to normal.
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Pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus
When the pancreas fails to produce or properly use insulin, diabetes mellitus occurs.
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Reproductive Glands
Reproductive Glands
What are the functions of the reproductive glands?
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Reproductive Glands
The gonads are the body’s reproductive glands.
The gonads serve two important functions: the production of gametes, and the secretion of sex hormones.
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Reproductive Glands
The female gonads—the ovaries—produce eggs.
The male gonads—the testes—produce sperm.
The gonads also produce sex hormones.
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Reproductive Glands
The ovaries produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Progesterone prepares the uterus for the arrival of a developing embryo.
Estrogen is needed for the development of eggs and for the formation of physical characteristics of the female body.
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Reproductive Glands
The testes produce testosterone, which is needed for normal sperm production and development of male physical characteristics.
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Diabetes mellitus is a disease that results when the pancreas fails to produce or properly use
a. glucose.
b. insulin.
c. glucagon.
d. carbohydrate.
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Metabolism is regulated by
a. thyroxine.
b. parathyroid hormone.
c. epinephrine.
d. estrogen.
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The gonads are the body's
a. target cells.
b. exocrine glands.
c. reproductive glands.
d. reproductive cells.
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The endocrine glands responsible for maintaining homeostasis of calcium in the blood are the
a. thyroid and parathyroid glands.
b. adrenal and pituitary glands.
c. hypothalamus and thyroid glands.
d. gonads.
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Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla and is responsible for
a. the “fight or flight” response to stress.
b. controlling the level of insulin in the blood.
c. maintaining proper levels of sodium and potassium in the blood.
d. regulating the water content of the body.
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