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Computarized Engineering Computarized Engineering Graphics – Graphics – ENGR 2220ENGR 2220
Professor: Dr. Omar E. Meza CastilloProfessor: Dr. Omar E. Meza Castilloomeza@bayamon.inter.edu
http://facultad.bayamon.inter.edu/omezaDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringDepartment of Mechanical Engineering
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BIENVENIDBIENVENIDOSOS
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Technical Drawing Tools
Chapter 2: Instrument for Chapter 2: Instrument for Engineering Graphics Engineering Graphics
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"Lo peor es educar por métodos basados en el "Lo peor es educar por métodos basados en el temor, la fuerza, la autoridad, porque se temor, la fuerza, la autoridad, porque se destruye la sinceridad y la confianza, y sólo se destruye la sinceridad y la confianza, y sólo se consigue una falsa sumisión”consigue una falsa sumisión”
Einstein AlbertEinstein Albert
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Graphics CommunicationPart 1
Chapter 3: Sketching, Text, and Chapter 3: Sketching, Text, and VisualizationVisualization
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"Lo peor es educar por métodos basados en el "Lo peor es educar por métodos basados en el temor, la fuerza, la autoridad, porque se temor, la fuerza, la autoridad, porque se destruye la sinceridad y la confianza, y sólo se destruye la sinceridad y la confianza, y sólo se consigue una falsa sumisión”consigue una falsa sumisión”
Einstein AlbertEinstein Albert
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Here’s what we talked about last time:Here’s what we talked about last time:
Lines may be defined as…….Lines may be defined as…….
1.1. A series of points in space organized in a rational A series of points in space organized in a rational orderorder
2.2. The shortest distance between two pointsThe shortest distance between two points
3.3. The geometry created by the intersection of two The geometry created by the intersection of two planes or surfacesplanes or surfaces
4.4. A set of points organized that have length and A set of points organized that have length and direction, but no thicknessdirection, but no thickness
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The “Alphabet of Lines”…The “Alphabet of Lines”…
Lines have both style Lines have both style and precedence. and precedence.
Object (visible) lines Object (visible) lines are the are the MOST MOST important…then important…then hidden lines… then hidden lines… then center lines… etc.center lines… etc.
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Examples of line use and layout:Examples of line use and layout:
Note: Note:
The center line has The center line has many variations.many variations.
It’s job is to show It’s job is to show the theoretically the theoretically perfect center of perfect center of arcs, holes, circles, arcs, holes, circles, and cylinders.and cylinders.
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Applications of linesApplications of lines
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SketchingSketching
1.1. Sketching is an important method Sketching is an important method of quickly communicating design of quickly communicating design ideas.ideas.
2.2. Sketching is a way of thinking as Sketching is a way of thinking as it is a method of recording ideas it is a method of recording ideas and communicating to others.and communicating to others.
3.3. Most new designs are first Most new designs are first recorded using design sketches. recorded using design sketches.
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Methods for creating drawings:Methods for creating drawings:
SketchesSketches Using T-Using T-squares, squares, triangles, triangles,
etc.etc.
CAD CAD produced produced drawingsdrawings
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Sketching the idea (ideation sketch)Sketching the idea (ideation sketch)
Subsequent document sketchSubsequent document sketch
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Multi-view sketchMulti-view sketch::Good for someone who understands technical drawingsGood for someone who understands technical drawings
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NOTE: There are also NOTE: There are also “technical sketches” “technical sketches” used in industry which used in industry which may include notes, and may include notes, and several versions that several versions that show motion.show motion.
Pictorial view:Pictorial view:Good for communicating the design. Suitable for Good for communicating the design. Suitable for nontechnical people.nontechnical people.
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Sketching Grids:Sketching Grids:
A.A. Orthographic gridOrthographic grid
B.B. Isometric gridIsometric grid
C. Perspective gridC. Perspective grid
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Sketching linesSketching lines
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Sketching linesSketching lines
The line is built up from a sequence of 2, 3 or more passes with a pencil.The line is built up from a sequence of 2, 3 or more passes with a pencil.
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SketchingSketching
Hold your pencil correctly, and have a relaxed grip.Hold your pencil correctly, and have a relaxed grip.Use a strip of paper to draw lines parallel to the edges of the paper.Use a strip of paper to draw lines parallel to the edges of the paper.
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SketchingSketching
Each side of the Each side of the square is equal to square is equal to the diameter of the diameter of the circle.the circle.
Draw the diagonals Draw the diagonals and mark the and mark the midpoints. On the midpoints. On the diagonals mark 2/3 of diagonals mark 2/3 of the distance between the distance between the center and each the center and each corner.corner.
Connect all Connect all the points.the points.
An alternative An alternative methodmethod
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SketchingSketching
Examples of Examples of poorly drawn circles poorly drawn circles (with flat arcs and sharp corners) (with flat arcs and sharp corners)
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Sketching techniques:Sketching techniques:
1- Proportion 1- Proportion is important. is important. It is the ratio between any two dimensions of an It is the ratio between any two dimensions of an object.object.
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Sketches use “proportion”, not scale!Sketches use “proportion”, not scale!
ProportionProportion allows the designer to use allows the designer to use approximate values to create a balanced approximate values to create a balanced looking object.looking object.
SketchesSketches are accurate freehand drawings are accurate freehand drawings which use single lines to represent edges and which use single lines to represent edges and features.features.
Multi-line sketching is NOT used in engineering Multi-line sketching is NOT used in engineering design. (Scribbling!)design. (Scribbling!)
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2- Draw the 2- Draw the bounding bounding
box.box.
1- Consider 1- Consider the correct the correct proportion.proportion.
3- Draw the 3- Draw the construction construction
lines.lines.These are every These are every light thin lines light thin lines
representing the representing the details of the details of the
object.object.
4- Finish the 4- Finish the sketch with darker sketch with darker
lines.lines.
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You can use construction line to find the You can use construction line to find the centercenter of squares or of squares or rectanglesrectangles
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Sketching Sketching identically proportioned identically proportioned squaressquares
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Grid paper Grid paper is used to scale an object.is used to scale an object.
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1.1. Stand at a distance,Stand at a distance,2.2. Hold a pencil at arm’s length in front of you,Hold a pencil at arm’s length in front of you,3.3. Align the tip of the pencil with one edge of a feature,Align the tip of the pencil with one edge of a feature,4.4. Mark the length of the feature with your thumb,Mark the length of the feature with your thumb,5.5. Translate the same length to your sketch.Translate the same length to your sketch.6.6. Repeat this for other lengths. Don’t change your position. Repeat this for other lengths. Don’t change your position.
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Classification of Sketches:Classification of Sketches:
Each classification of sketch Each classification of sketch has a particular purpose from has a particular purpose from production use… to technical production use… to technical illustration.illustration.
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QUESTION!QUESTION!How do you know when a sketch or How do you know when a sketch or CAD drawing is complete?CAD drawing is complete?
ANSWER:ANSWER: When the production people When the production people can make the part without having to ask can make the part without having to ask you any questions!you any questions!
Most drawings not only have views of Most drawings not only have views of the object, but also it include written the object, but also it include written notes and dimensions to aid in its notes and dimensions to aid in its production.production.
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Types of Lettering:Types of Lettering:
Simple Gothic Simple Gothic is is used for engineering used for engineering design. Notice that it is design. Notice that it is “san serif” (no hats or “san serif” (no hats or shoes!)shoes!)
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Types of Lettering:Types of Lettering:
Inclined Gothic Inclined Gothic is is often used for often used for architectural drawings, architectural drawings, and various types of and various types of technical illustrations.technical illustrations.
(All the lettering used (All the lettering used in these presentations in these presentations is inclined gothic.)is inclined gothic.)
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ProjectionProjection
Drawings use various Drawings use various types of types of projectionprojection (how (how we view the object), to we view the object), to enhance our ability to enhance our ability to visualize what we are visualize what we are being asked to see or being asked to see or understand.understand.
Let’s look at the various Let’s look at the various styles of projection used…styles of projection used…
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Most common types of projections:Most common types of projections:1.1. MultiviewMultiview (Showing 2 dimensions) (Showing 2 dimensions)2.2. Pictorial Pictorial (Showing 3 dimensions)(Showing 3 dimensions)
OR
Most common types of projections:Most common types of projections:1.1. ParallelParallel2.2. Perspective projectionsPerspective projections
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Pictorial Projection:Pictorial Projection:
Here’s how the same object may look using different projection Here’s how the same object may look using different projection styles.styles.
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Projection types:Projection types:
Projection type is Projection type is defined by the defined by the “line “line of sightof sight” from the ” from the observer.observer.
Let’s look at some of Let’s look at some of these…..these…..
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Perspective:Perspective:
The The line of sight is cone-shapedline of sight is cone-shaped - which makes objects - which makes objects far away appear smaller to our view. Objects are not “true far away appear smaller to our view. Objects are not “true shape and size”.shape and size”.
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Parallel:Parallel:
The The line of sight is always parallelline of sight is always parallel regardless of how far regardless of how far away the object is from our view. This allows surfaces to be away the object is from our view. This allows surfaces to be drawn “true shape and size.drawn “true shape and size.
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Orthographic:Orthographic:
Ortho means “Ortho means “at 90 at 90 degreesdegrees”, and is a form ”, and is a form of parallel projection.of parallel projection.
Orthographic projections Orthographic projections are used to show several are used to show several views of the same object views of the same object in one drawing set.in one drawing set.
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Orthographic:Orthographic:
The “The “principle viewsprinciple views“ “ should be chosen to show should be chosen to show the most detail of the the most detail of the object with the least object with the least number of hidden lines.number of hidden lines.
Here, the Here, the TOPTOP, , FRONTFRONT, , and and RIGHT SIDE RIGHT SIDE were were chosen.chosen.
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Isometric:Isometric:
A type of parallel projection that represents all 3 dimensions in one image.A type of parallel projection that represents all 3 dimensions in one image.
3939
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Isometric sketchIsometric sketch
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Isometric representations of Isometric representations of circlescircles
4141
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Isometric sketches of Isometric sketches of common objects.common objects.
4545
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Use a piece of scrap Use a piece of scrap paper and mark one paper and mark one half of the major axis half of the major axis (AC) and one half of (AC) and one half of the minor axis (AB).the minor axis (AB).
Place A on the center and mark two points representing C and two points Place A on the center and mark two points representing C and two points representing B (draw major and minor axes). Place C on the minor axis and representing B (draw major and minor axes). Place C on the minor axis and hold B on the minor axis at any time, then place a mark at point A. Repeat hold B on the minor axis at any time, then place a mark at point A. Repeat this and connect all the points.this and connect all the points.
½ Major Axis½ Major Axis ½ Minor Axis½ Minor Axis
4646
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4747
Understanding what Center Lines do…Understanding what Center Lines do…
Center lines Center lines show the show the theoretical perfect center of theoretical perfect center of arcs, holes, and cylinders. They arcs, holes, and cylinders. They can be used to show symmetry, can be used to show symmetry, or used to aid in dimensioning or used to aid in dimensioning an object.an object.
Center lines Center lines NEVERNEVER start or start or stop on another line!stop on another line!
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Steps in creating a 3-view sketch… Steps in creating a 3-view sketch…
Step 1:Step 1:
Layout the 3 principle views you Layout the 3 principle views you have chosen with even margins have chosen with even margins between views and the outside between views and the outside border of your drawing area.border of your drawing area.
Step 2:Step 2:
Rough out the general shape of Rough out the general shape of each view.each view.
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4949
Steps in creating a 3-view sketch… Steps in creating a 3-view sketch…
Step 3:Step 3:
Transfer any data from one view Transfer any data from one view to its neighbor using “reverse to its neighbor using “reverse construction”. This can be done construction”. This can be done by using a “miter line”.by using a “miter line”.
Step 4:Step 4:
Add hidden and center lines to Add hidden and center lines to the necessary views.the necessary views.
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5050
Steps in creating a 3-view sketch… Steps in creating a 3-view sketch…
Step 5:Step 5:
Erase all unnecessary lines and Erase all unnecessary lines and “snap” the lines on your views.“snap” the lines on your views.
““Snapping” adds weight to the Snapping” adds weight to the lines in each view and makes lines in each view and makes the drawing easier to read.the drawing easier to read.
Step 6:Step 6:
Add notes and/or dimensions to Add notes and/or dimensions to complete your drawing.complete your drawing.
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5151
Here’s some tips on creating a multi-Here’s some tips on creating a multi-view drawing:view drawing:
1. Lightly sketch all the information that you know first.1. Lightly sketch all the information that you know first.
2. Use reverse construction to locate lines that may be 2. Use reverse construction to locate lines that may be
unknown such as compound angles.unknown such as compound angles.
3. Add all circles and other arcs to your drawing.3. Add all circles and other arcs to your drawing.
4. Snap all arcs and circles first, and then straight lines.4. Snap all arcs and circles first, and then straight lines.
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Week 3: Multiview Drawings 1We have already seen how views are aligned with the surface of an object.
Using the “glass box” method of visualization helps us understand the relationship views have with one another, i. e. the front view is next to the top and right side views, etc.
5252
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Here we can see all the principle views of an object as the glass box is unfolded.
It is easy to see that some of the principle views have more detail through the use of object (visible) lines than others.
Always choose views that have the least amount of hidden lines in them and show the most detail.
5353
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Using miter and projection lines, we can easily transfer “space dimensions” between views.
5454
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Projection methods:Projection methods:
3RD Angle (US Standard)
ISO (1ST Angle Metric Standard)
NOTE:
Reverse construction methods work just as well in 1ST Angle projection.
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Here, we can see that surface C is shown as both as object and hidden lines depending on the view we are looking at.
Remember: One definition of a “line” is that it is the geometry on the edge of a surface. (Surface C appears in its edge view in the front and top views.)
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When choosing which of the principle views to draw, When choosing which of the principle views to draw, remember these rules:remember these rules:
1.1. Choose as many views as it takes to show Choose as many views as it takes to show ALLALL the details of the object. The front view usually the details of the object. The front view usually shows the most detail, or best view of the shows the most detail, or best view of the
general shape of the object in its natural general shape of the object in its natural position.position.
2.2. Choose views that shows a majority of object Choose views that shows a majority of object (visible) lines, and a minimum of hidden lines.(visible) lines, and a minimum of hidden lines.
3.3. Choose views that show features as surfaces Choose views that show features as surfaces first, and as lines second.first, and as lines second.
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Always try to draw Always try to draw views in their most views in their most natural position.natural position.
This is obviously more difficult to This is obviously more difficult to visualize!visualize!
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Why is the left side view not required?Why is the left side view not required?
ANSWER: It doesn’t add any new information!ANSWER: It doesn’t add any new information!
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Why is the left side Why is the left side view not required?view not required?
ANSWER: It has too many hidden lines!ANSWER: It has too many hidden lines!
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Surfaces will appear as edges at times. Edges may Surfaces will appear as edges at times. Edges may be foreshortened (shorter than normal), or “True be foreshortened (shorter than normal), or “True Length” (TL).Length” (TL).
6161
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Oblique edge lines are Oblique edge lines are created by oblique surfaces.created by oblique surfaces.
These are surfaces that are These are surfaces that are neither true shape or true neither true shape or true size in any principle view.size in any principle view.
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Even simple, Even simple, primitive shapes primitive shapes often need several often need several views to fully views to fully describe their describe their topology.topology.
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““Limiting Elements” are lines that show the outer Limiting Elements” are lines that show the outer boundaries of cylindrical or conical objects. How many boundaries of cylindrical or conical objects. How many views of such objects are usually needed to show its views of such objects are usually needed to show its shape?shape?
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Remember:Remember: In multiview drawings, tangency is shown In multiview drawings, tangency is shown between to surfaces by the absence of any line.between to surfaces by the absence of any line.
Here, the arched and planar Here, the arched and planar surfaces are tangent.surfaces are tangent.
Arched and planar surfaces Arched and planar surfaces which are which are NOTNOT tangent. tangent.
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Holes and cylinders may appear “True Shape and Size” Holes and cylinders may appear “True Shape and Size” (TSS), or foreshortened depending on the view in which (TSS), or foreshortened depending on the view in which they appear. (Foreshortened circles will appear as they appear. (Foreshortened circles will appear as ellipses.)ellipses.)
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Draw the sketch of the following objectsDraw the sketch of the following objects
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7272
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7373
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7474
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Homework3 http://facultad. bayamon.inter.edu/omeza/
Omar E. Meza Castillo Ph.D.Omar E. Meza Castillo Ph.D.
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7676
¿Preguntas?¿Preguntas?
Comentarios Comentarios
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GRACIASGRACIAS