ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANY OF SAO PAULO STATE – CETESB

REGIONAL CENTRE OF STOCKHOLM CONVENTION ON POPs FORLATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN REGION

V INTERNATIONAL TRAINING PROGRAM ON ENVIRONMENTAL SOUND MANAGEMENT ON CHEMICALS AND WASTES, ESPECIALLY ON PERSISTENT

ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPs) AND MERCURY (Hg)

END-USE TECHNOLOGIESEng. Sidney Shinke

2016

Sao Paulo – SP – Brazil

LANDFILL - DEFINITION

It is a form of disposing of waste in the ground, which, based onengineering criteria and specific operational standards, ensures asafe confinement in terms of environmental pollution and theprotection of public health (Rocca et al., 1993)

TECHNICAL STANDARDS

• NBR 8.418/83 - Presentation of landfill designs for hazardous industrial waste• NBR 8.419/92 - Presentation of sanitary landfill designs for municipal solid waste• NBR 10.157/87 - Hazardous waste landfills - Criteria for design, construction and operation• NBR 13.896/97 - Non-hazardous waste landfills - Criteria for design, construction and operation• NBR 15,113/04 - Solid civil construction waste and inert waste -Landfills – Guidelines for design, implantation and operation• NBR 15.849/10 – Municipal solid waste – Small-scale sanitary landfills – Guidelines for location, design, implantation, operation and closure

LICENSING

• Environmental Study to prove environmental viability, for obtaining a Preliminary License (LP) • Executive Design with requirements/additions included in the LP, for obtaining an Installation License (LI)• Execution of landfill implantation works in compliance with the approved design with the requirements/ additions included in the LI, for obtaining an Operating License (LO)

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

• Object of licensing• Justification for project• Characterization of project• Preliminary environmental diagnosis of the affected area• Identification of environmental impacts• Mitigating measures• Documentation

EXECUTIVE DESIGN

• Technical Requirements established in the LP• Technical Responsibility Note (ART) of the party in charge of the project• Design of landfill• Potentiometric map (location of monitoring wells and hydrogeological conditions)• Details and dimensions of lower (foundation) and upper (covering) waterproofing systems• Details and dimensions of rainwater and leachate drainage systems (plans, designs, calculation records, descriptive text)

EXECUTIVE DESIGN

• Stability study (critical sections studied, hypotheses considered, parameters used (cohesion, specific weight, friction angle), calculation methods, safety factor found, interpretation of results obtained)• Profile of monitoring wells • Landfill management and operation plans (registration and control of waste, segregation of waste, inspection and maintenance, emergency, monitoring of surface and groundwaters, geotechnical monitoring and closure) • Working life, and• Work implantation schedule.

CHOICE OF AREA

The basic premises are, to comply with:

• planning of the economic, social and urban development of the region• fixed guidelines for use and occupation of the soil • protection of public health, and• protection of the environment.

CHOICE OF AREA - REQUIREMENTS

• Minimum distance of 500m from housing units• Minimum distance of 200m from any water collection or watercourse• Slope greater than 1% and less than:

- 20% for class I; and- 30% for class II

• Area not subject to flooding, in recurrence periods of 100 years • Minimum working life of 10 years• Proximity to generating sources and transport routes, and• Area in compliance with local legislation on the use of the land.

CHOICE OF AREA - REQUIREMENTS

• Low potential for aquifer contamination- subsoil with high clay content- unsaturated layer ≥ 1.5m between the landfill base and the highest

level of the water table- subsoil primarily composed of material with permeability

coefficient lower than 5x10-5cm/sec;- low precipitation index, and- high evapotranspiration index.

HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE AREA

• Definition of the layers constituting the subsoil• Determination of the depth of the water table (in dry season)• Understanding of the dynamics, quality and economic significance of groundwaters• Development of potentiometric maps• Significance of the land in terms of groundwater recharge, and• Assessment of risks of rupture or accentuated erosion of the foundation ground.

GROUNDWATER - FLOW

HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE AREAWaste Landfill

Hydrogeological Conditions Unit Hazardous Non-HazardousThickness ofUnsaturated Layer (L)PermeabilityCoefficient (K)

Thickness of Unsaturated Layer(L)PermeabilityCoefficient (K)

Notas:(1) NBR 10157/87 - “Hazardous Waste Landfills – Criteria for

Design, Construction and Operation"(2) NBR 13896/97 - “Non-Hazardous Waste Landfills - Criteria

for Design, Implantation and Operation”

1.5 (1) 1.5 (2)

5x10-5 (2)5x10-5 (1)

3.0 3.0 (2)

10-7 10-6 (2)Desirable

Minimum

m

cm/s

m

cm/s

TYPES OF LANDFILLS

1. Waste

• Urban/Residential (Sanitary)• Industrial - Non-Hazardous (Class II)• Co-disposal• Industrial - Hazardous (Class I)• Inert• Civil Construction

2. Constructive System

• Ditch• Trench• Layer• Ditch/Trench and layer

TYPES OF LANDFILLS

Landfills in Ditch

• Favorable hydrogeological conditions (depth of water level > 1.5 m and permeability coefficient < 5x10-5cm/sec)• Flat terrain• Daily waste disposal up to 10t/day (population of 15,000 to 20,000 inhabitants)• No requirement for waterproofing with geomembrane, drainage of gases and leachates• Operation period 30 days• Width of ditch 3m• Depth of ditch up to 3m• Distance between ditches 1m• Daily coverage 20cm• Final coverage 60cm with a 7% slope from the center to the edges

LANDFILLS IN DITCH

Landfill in Trench

Landfill in Layer

INFRASTRUCTURE

• concierge, office, bathrooms, laboratory • scale• fence • internal access• lighting• internal and external communication systems• signposting• health protection range• site for storage of waste and construction materials• workshop for equipment maintenance• wheel wash.

Fencing

Plant barrier

Gate

Scale

Guard post

Storage

Wheel wash

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ELEMENTS

• Lower waterproofing system (base or foundation)• Leakage detection system via waterproofing• Leachate collection system• Rainwater drainage system• Gas drainage system• Upper waterproofing system - operational and final coverage, and• Monitoring systems (surface and groundwaters, geotechnical).

Environmental protection elements - Landfill for non-hazardous waste

Environmental protection elements - Landfill for hazardous waste

Upper Waterproofing

Leachate Drain

Rainwater DrainFinal Coverage

Waste

Inspection Well

Lower Waterproofing

Sub-surface Drain

Aquifer

Max NA

1.50 m

cm/sec

WATERPROOFING SYSTEM

• Expected characteristics of a waterproof system in landfills:- Watertightness- Durability- Resistance and mechanical stresses- Resistance to bad weather- Resistance to microorganisms in the ground - Compatibility with the waste to be landfilled

WATERPROOFING SYSTEM

• The materials commonly employed in landfill waterproofing are:

- Compacted clays, and- Synthetic geomembranes.

• More recently, bentonite has been used ("in natura" permeability , solubility=Class IIA, amount of sodium Na2O >2.0%)

Compound waterproofing

Dual waterproofing

LEAKAGE DETECTION SYSTEMS

• Leakage detection systems, via waterproofing layers, are composed of:

- Sub-surface drains, and - Manholes.

• The sub-surface drains are composed of:- Surface drainage structures (gravel / sand bed) - Linear drainage structures (guide tube).

WATERPROOFING WITH COMPACTED CLAYS

Technological control with:• Compacted layers of at least 20cm in thickness• Humidity: +/- 2% of the optimum humidity obtained in Proctor compaction testing• Density: minimum of 95% of the density obtained in Proctor compaction testing • Permeability coefficient: lower than 10-7cm/sec.

CONCLUSION REPORT

The technical report proving that the layer of compacted clay meets the specifications of the project, must include:• the results of the tests carried out • the incidents and corrective measures adopted through ought the execution of this layer• details and signature of the responsible technician.

Waterproofing layer with compacted soil - regularization

Waterproofing layer with compacted soil - compaction

GEOMEMBRANE IN LANDFILLS

The required characteristics of a geomembrane for application in industrial landfills are:• Compatibility with the waste to be landfilled• Resistance to mechanical stresses• Resistance to bad weather, and• Resistance to microorganisms in the ground.

DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF GEOMEMBRANES

The aspects to be observed in the design and installation of geomembranes are:• Geometry of the available area• Optimization of field amendments• Anchoring methods• Laying base• Protection against mechanical stresses, and• Details of interferences and singular points.

DESIGN AND INSTALLATION OF GEOMEMBRANES

In the installation and design of geomembranes the following aspects must be considered: • the laying base must be regular and stable• the waterproofing must be designed and implanted by specialized firms, and• the waterproofing must be protected from bad weather and mechanical stresses throughout the landfill operation phase.

CONCLUSION REPORT

The technical monitoring report of the geomembrane implantation must contain:• the results of the tests carried out • the incidents and corrective measures adopted throughout the installation of the geomembrane• details and signature of the responsible technician.

Installation of HDPE geomembrane

Execution of amendment between HDPE geomembranes

Execution of repair to HDPE geomembranes - Hot gas welding

Execution of repair to HDPE geomembranes - Extrusion

welding

Execution of testing of HDPE geomembranes - Spark test

Pressurization test

Vacuum test

Destructive testing (shear stress and detachment)

DAMAGE TO GEOMEMBRANE

Interferences

Source: IGSBrasil Recommendations : IGSBR IGMT 01 2003

WATERPROOFING WITH BENTONITE GEOCOMPOSITE (GCL)

• Replaces part of the compacted clay layer• Permeability coefficient: lower than 10-9cm/sec• Thickness of around 5mm• Amendments by crossover and placement of bentonite

INSTALLATION OF BENTONITE GEOCOMPOSITE (GCL)

SUB-SURFACE WATER (PERCOLATED)

In landfills, all efforts must be invested to prevent the formation of leachates.• Choice of area (dry areas)• Project design (efficient drainage systems):

- for rainwater (prevent)- for leachates (capture)

COLLECTION AND TREATMENT OF LEACHATES

• The systems for collection and treatment of leachates are composed of:

- Draining or geosynthetic mattress- Gravel drain with guide tube - Accumulation boxes- Pumping station, and- Leachate treatment plant.

TYPES OF PERCOLATED DRAINNatural TerrainGeotextile Blanket Geotextile Blanket

Blind Drain (without conducting tube)

Blind Drain (with conducting tube)

DESIGN OF SUB-SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM (PERCOLATED)

• Description of the draining system• Drainage network in plan form• Slope of the base• Characteristics of the capture and inspection wells, and• Calculation record of the dimensions of the devices, containing:

- design flow- slope of the drain, and- type of drain used (with gravel or geosynthetic, dimensions, with

or without inner tube, diameter of the grit filler, characteristics of the geosynthetic).

DESIGN OF SUB-SURFACE WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM (PERCOLATED)

Q = project flow (m3/sec)c = runoff coefficienti = critical rainfall intensity (m/sec)A = area of contribution basin (m2)

Hydraulics Manual (Azevedo Neto)

Q (l/s) Tube diameter

iQF η

=

Q = c * i * A

LEACHATE DRAINAGE (FISHBONE)

LEACHATE DRAIN

GAS DRAIN

DESIGN OF RAINWATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

• Contribution basin, in plan form (A)• Type of soil (c)• Type of vegetation (c)• Return period of: 25 years for class I waste, and 5 years for class II waste• Description of the draining system• Drainage network in plan form, and

DESIGN OF RAINWATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

• Calculation record of the dimensions of the devices, containing:- design flow- average slope of the area and devices- concentration time- critical rain intensity, and- dimensions and description of the devices.

DIMENSIONS OF RAINWATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Q = project flow (m3/sec)c = runoff coefficienti = critical rainfall intensity (m/sec)A = area of contribution basin (m2)

Q = c * i * A

DIMENSIONS OF RAINWATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM

tc = concentration time (min)L = maximum thalweg length of the basin (km)I = slope of the thalweg (m/m)H = maximum height of the longitudinal profile

Hydraulics Manual Q (l/s) Channel diameter

iQF η

=

LHI =

i = critical rainfall intensity (mm/min)P(60,10) = precipitation with duration of 60min and return period (T)of 10 years, already occurred, with tabled values (mm)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )mm/min60.10P*0,50.54t*0,520.21lnTt1i 0,25

cc

−+=

31

c IL5.3t ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛=

Concrete channel

Junction box

Descent of water in concrete

Descent of water in gabion

Passage with tube

Water output

Dissipation/ sedimentation basin

LANDFILL IN DITCH - OPERATION

DATA:

Population (P): 10,000 inhabitants;Generation per capita (G): 400 g/inhab.*daySpecific mass of MSW (ρ): ρ=500 kg/m³;Expected working life (v): 10 years. Each ditch must last for 1 monthSection of the ditch: 3 x 3 mArea loss (pa) and Volume loss: 25% + 25%

LANDFILL IN DITCH - DIMENSIONS

CALCULATIONS:• Monthly demand (D):

• Monthly volume (V):

• Length of the ditch (C):

• Total area of the landfill (A):

kgGPD 000,12030*4.0*000,1030** ===

monthmV /³240500

000,120==

m273*3

240C ==

²5.187,1525,1*25,1*10*12*3*27 mA ==

Excavation of ditches

Ditch

Rainwater drain

Fence

Plant barrier

Plant barrier

Fence

Rainwater drain

Opening of ditch

Excavation Earth from new ditch

Filling of ditches

Ditch in operation

Rainwater drain

Fence

Plant barrier

Plant barrier

Fence

Rainwater drain

Daily coverage of waste

Longitudinal Cut

Rainwater drain

Fence

Plant barrier

Final coverage of ditches

Longitudinal Cut

Rainwater drain

Fence

Plant barrier

REGISTRATION AND CONTROL OF DISPOSED WASTE

• Description and quantity of each waste received• Date and site of disposal on the landfill• Registration of incidents• Registration of analyses made on the waste

WASTE RECEIPT CONTROL

• Timely tests (pH, free liquids, water reactivity, acidic and alkaline medium, "flash point", etc.), and• Complete analyses, carried out at a specific frequency, to check the maintenance of the waste's characteristics.At the cargo receipt control site, a form must be available with with the characterization of the waste ("finger print" - color, odor, physical appearance, reactivity, etc.), approved by CADRI, so that a visual comparison can be made between the residue being received and the approved residue.Nonconformities should be reported to the environmental agency.

INDUSTRIAL WASTE WHOSE DISPOSAL IS NOT ACCEPTED AT LANDFILLS

It is not permitted to dispose of, at landfills, waste that:• Is inflammable• Is reactive• Is oily • Contains persistent organics • Contains free liquids, and• Organic compounds that may compromise the geomembrane

CELL FORMATION

Cell Formation• Disposal of waste close to the work front• Spreading of waste and upward compaction (5 to 8 tractor treads)• Reduced work fronts• Waste Slope 1(h):2(v)• Berm between the slopes 3m• Daily coverage, with soil, minimum thickness of 0.20m

Landfill in ditch - disposal

Sanitary landfills

Landfill for Civil Construction Waste

Metallic coverage

Sacrificed coverage

CLOSURE AND POST-CLOSURE

The Closure Plan must include:• Closure works• Future use• Monitoring plans, and• Inspection and maintenance plans

FINAL COVERAGE

Plant coverage

Organic soil layer

Drainage layer

Final coverage layer

Vertical drainage (biogas and leachates)

Waste

Layer coverage

Base leachate drainage

Mechanical protection of HDPE geomembrane

HDPE Geomembrane

Compacted soil layer

INSPECTION PLAN

• The facility must be inspected to verify the integrity of its components (drains, dams, pumps, monitoring systems, etc.).

• Identify and correct any issues that may cause accidents to occur.

ErosionMaintenance

Slipping

GROUNDWATER MONITORING

The plan must include:• Number of wells• Location• Parameters to be monitored• Sampling frequency • Profile of wells • Procedures for collection and preservation of samples, and• Initial analyses

SURFACE WATER MONITORING

The plan must include:• Location of collection points• Parameters to be monitored• Sampling frequency • Procedures for collection and preservation of samples, and• Initial analyses

Environmental monitoring

SURFACE WATER MONITORING

GROUNDWATER MONITORING

GEOTECHNICAL MONITORING

The Geotechnical Monitoring Plan must include:• Location of the instruments (superficial landmarks, piezometers, inclinometers, etc.)• Reading frequency • Routine inspections • Corrective and contingency actions, and• Frequency and content of monitoring reports.

Piezometer

PVC TUBE

BENTONITE

CHAMBER

GRAVEL

FINE SANDROUGH SA

ROLLED PE

TOOTHED PVC TUBE

PERFORATED PVC TUB

Superficial landmark

• Adequate location• Development of careful design:- with implantation of adequate infrastructure, and- with implantation of control works

• The adoption of specific operational rules.

Provide

A safe containment of waste, in terms ofenvironmental pollution control and protection ofpublic health

Thank you!

Eng. Sidney Shinkeemail: sshinke@sp.gov.brphone: 55 11 3133-3583