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Environmental Environmental Governance Governance

in Chinain ChinaLead-China,Cohort-10Lead-China,Cohort-10

Nov. 22, 2003Nov. 22, 2003BrazilBrazil

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OutlineOutline OverviewOverview ChallengesChallenges

CaseCase

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Part IPart IEnvironmental Governance: Environmental Governance:

OverviewOverview

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Fact sheets of ChinaFact sheets of China Huge Population: 1.3 billionHuge Population: 1.3 billion GDP Per Capita: USD 1,000 (2002)GDP Per Capita: USD 1,000 (2002) Resource Per Capita: water ¼ of WL, Resource Per Capita: water ¼ of WL,

arable land 1/7arable land 1/7 Coal-dominant energy structure 75%Coal-dominant energy structure 75% 30 million people in poverty30 million people in poverty Economic disparity Economic disparity

ENVIRONMENTAL PRESSUREENVIRONMENTAL PRESSURE

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Environmental ProblemsEnvironmental Problems

Water, Air, Land degradation and Water, Air, Land degradation and wastes …. Found in other wastes …. Found in other developing countries also in China. developing countries also in China. And more than that…And more than that…Sandstorm, acid rain….Great Sandstorm, acid rain….Great challenges challenges

Call for Better Environmental GovernanceCall for Better Environmental Governance

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Serious urban air pollution

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Land Degradation

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Soil Erosion

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Water Pollution

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StateState

MarketMarket Civil Civil SocietySociety

Major ForcesMajor Forces

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Market InstrumentsMarket InstrumentsConcession of all sewage treatment plants Concession of all sewage treatment plants in Beijing;in Beijing;Pollution levy/Polluters pay principle;Pollution levy/Polluters pay principle;Total amount control of pollutants Total amount control of pollutants dischargedischargeEmission trading in sulphur dioxideEmission trading in sulphur dioxideBoTBoT

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Civil society Civil society Increased public awareness Increased public awareness Legal provisions guaranteed, Legal provisions guaranteed, the the

Strategic Environmental Impact Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment Law:Assessment Law: public hearing, public hearing, stakeholder involvement etc.stakeholder involvement etc.

Grievance addressing mechanismGrievance addressing mechanism More favorable environment for NGOsMore favorable environment for NGOs

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LEGAL BODY FOR EPLEGAL BODY FOR EP

NATIONANATIONAL LEVELL LEVEL

CONSTITUIONCONSTITUION

6 LAWS ON POLLUTION 6 LAWS ON POLLUTION CONTROL,CONTROL,12 12 LAWS ON RESOURCES,LAWS ON RESOURCES,18 18 INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONSCONVENTIONS2828 ADM. REG.ADM. REG. LOCAL ENV. LOCAL ENV.

LAWSLAWS

7070 SECTOR SECTOR REG.REG.

LOCAL ADM. LOCAL ADM. REG.REG.

LOCAL SECTOR REG.LOCAL SECTOR REG.

LOCAL LOCAL LEVELLEVEL

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AUTHORITIES relating to EPAUTHORITIES relating to EP

state development and reform commissionstate development and reform commission state environmental protection administration state environmental protection administration ministry of science and technologyministry of science and technology ministry of constructionministry of construction ministry of water resourcesministry of water resources ministry of land resourcesministry of land resources state oceanic administrationstate oceanic administration state forestry bureaustate forestry bureau

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Part IIPart IIEnvironmental Governance: Environmental Governance:

ChallengesChallenges

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PerformancePerformanceof Environmental of Environmental

GovernanceGovernanceAssessmentAssessment Source Source YearYear

Severe, discomfortingSevere, discomforting Summarization of National EP Summarization of National EP 19881988

Improved partially Improved partially ，， aggravated aggravated generally, anxious futuregenerally, anxious future 3rd National EP Meeting3rd National EP Meeting 19901990

Severe in Urban areasSevere in Urban areas 2nd National Urban EP Meeting2nd National Urban EP Meeting 19921992

All Rivers variously polluted, severe All Rivers variously polluted, severe urban noise pollutionurban noise pollution Report of SoEReport of SoE 19941994

Still severe, expanded from urban to Still severe, expanded from urban to rural areasrural areas SoESoE 19951995

Improved in some areas and Improved in some areas and aggravated in others aggravated in others SoESoE 19971997

Still severe, aggravated in some Still severe, aggravated in some areas areas Compendium of National EPCompendium of National EP 19981998

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Challenges Challenges Underlying FactorsUnderlying Factors

Perverse economic incentives Perverse economic incentives mechanismmechanismLocal leaders performance assessmentLocal leaders performance assessmentGDP pursuit, economic development the first GDP pursuit, economic development the first

prioritypriority Decentralized institutionsDecentralized institutions

Local EPBs not fully accountable to SEPALocal EPBs not fully accountable to SEPALocal authority interventionsLocal authority interventions

Law enforcement deficienciesLaw enforcement deficiencies

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Challenges:Challenges:The real lifeThe real life

Population pressurePopulation pressureHuge population Huge population Most of the poor people inhabit in the Most of the poor people inhabit in the

ecologically vulnerable areasecologically vulnerable areas Economic restructuringEconomic restructuring

Backward industrial technologiesBackward industrial technologiesMalmanagementMalmanagement

Low energy and resource efficiencyLow energy and resource efficiency

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Challenges:Challenges:The real life (cont’d)The real life (cont’d)

Full market-oriented economy yet to Full market-oriented economy yet to

take shapetake shape

Distorted market systemDistorted market systemNon-internalization of environmental costNon-internalization of environmental cost

Eyeing on the economic returns per seEyeing on the economic returns per se

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Institutional deficiency Institutional deficiency For the environmental departmentsFor the environmental departments

full responsibility, partial empowerment, full responsibility, partial empowerment, understaffed, underfunded for the local EPBsunderstaffed, underfunded for the local EPBsMission impossibleMission impossible

Dispersed mandates: marine, land, Dispersed mandates: marine, land, forestryforestry

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Environmental Protection is Environmental Protection is a Strategic Issue Concerning a Strategic Issue Concerning

China’s Overall China’s Overall ModernizationModernization

Environmental Protection was identified as one of basic Environmental Protection was identified as one of basic state policies in 1980’s.state policies in 1980’s.

Strategic economic structural adjustment was Strategic economic structural adjustment was undertaken.undertaken.

Over 90% of industrial enterprises release pollutants in Over 90% of industrial enterprises release pollutants in compliance with environmental standards.compliance with environmental standards.

The total amount of major pollutants in 2000 was The total amount of major pollutants in 2000 was reduced by 10~15% against that of 1995.reduced by 10~15% against that of 1995.

Despite the 8.3% average annual growth rate of GDP, the Despite the 8.3% average annual growth rate of GDP, the worsening trend of pollution was by and large under worsening trend of pollution was by and large under control in the Ninth Five-year Plan Period.control in the Ninth Five-year Plan Period.

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350550750950

115013501550

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

SO2Smoke DustPowder Dust

Year

Emission (in 10,000 tons)

Comparison Among Industrial Emissions of SO2, Smoke Dust, and Powder Dust in China, 1991-2000

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0100200300400500600700800900

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

I ndust r i al COD ( i n 10, 000 t ons)Tot al Waste Wat er Di scharge ( i n 100 mi l l i on t ons)I ndust r i al Wast e Water ( i n 100 mi l l i on t ons)Domest i c Wast e Wat er ( i n 100 mi l l i on t ons)

Discharge

Year

Comparison Among Discharges in Waste Water and COD in China, 1991-2000

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010000200003000040000500006000070000

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Output

ReleaseIntegrated Use

in 10,000 tons

Year

Development trend of Industrial Solid Wastes’ Output, Integrated Use, and Release, 1991 ～

2000

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00. 050. 1

0. 150. 2

0. 250. 3

0. 350. 4

SO NOx TSP

199019952000

mg/M3

2

Changes in Urban Air Quality in the Last Decade in China

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Part IIIPart IIICase DiscussionCase Discussion

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BackgroundBackground

Location Location Problems and ConsequencesProblems and Consequences Governance StructureGovernance Structure

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IntroductionIntroduction Dong WuDong Wu Prairie Prairie

Center of the biggest grassland in ChinaCenter of the biggest grassland in China

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LocationLocation XilingeleXilingele Prefecture Prefecture

Inner Mongolia Autonomous RegionInner Mongolia Autonomous Region Area: 200 thousands kmArea: 200 thousands km22

PopulationPopulation: : more than 1 millionmore than 1 million Ethnic groups: Mongolian, Han and ManEthnic groups: Mongolian, Han and Man Industries: Husbandry and miningIndustries: Husbandry and mining

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Problems and Problems and ConsequencesConsequences

Industrial PollutionIndustrial PollutionMining Industrial PollutionMining Industrial PollutionOil field exploitationOil field exploitationPaper Pulp FactoryPaper Pulp Factory

Overgrazing and Over-cultivationOvergrazing and Over-cultivationIrrational Road Construction Irrational Road Construction Reclamation: 33,000 haReclamation: 33,000 haOver-huntingOver-hunting

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ConsequencesConsequences Pasture DegradationPasture Degradation

2.9 million ha, 44% of the usable2.9 million ha, 44% of the usable DesertificationDesertification

0.66 million ha, 25.10.66 million ha, 25.1 ％ ％60s60s ：： 88 ；； 70s70s ：： 1313 ；； 80s: 14; 90s: 2380s: 14; 90s: 232001: 322001: 32

Income Reduction and Poverty ReturnIncome Reduction and Poverty Return

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Change of Income Change of Income

I ncome per capi ta i n Xi l i ngel e

0500

10001500200025003000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

I ncome per capi ta

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Local Governance Local Governance StructureStructure

County GovernmentCounty Government

Local Local IndustryIndustry

Forestry Forestry BureauBureau

Provincial GovernmentProvincial Government

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Civil EngagementCivil Engagement

Involvement of outside NGOsInvolvement of outside NGOs

Save the Prairie ActionSave the Prairie Action

Research and Voice from scientistsResearch and Voice from scientists

Media engagementMedia engagement

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Save the PrairieSave the Prairie By Greener Beijing InstituteBy Greener Beijing Institute

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Save the PrairieSave the Prairie By GBIBy GBI

Empowerment of HerdsmenEmpowerment of Herdsmen Pressures on Irresponsible BusinessPressures on Irresponsible Business Involvement of Experts Involvement of Experts Lobbying Government Lobbying Government

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EmpowermentEmpowerment ：：Legal aid and lawsuitLegal aid and lawsuit

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Bearing WitnessBearing Witness

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InfluenceInfluence Pollution partly terminatedPollution partly terminated

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New regulation issuedNew regulation issued

Suggestions on the prairie protection and Suggestions on the prairie protection and constructionconstruction from State Council, 2002 from State Council, 2002

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Attitude of the county government Attitude of the county government changedchanged

From From ignoranceignorance to to dialoguedialogue

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Comments and QuestionsComments and Questions What is Good Environment GovernanceWhat is Good Environment Governance

————How does civil society engage in the local How does civil society engage in the local environmental governance? environmental governance?

————How does enterprise bear the environmental How does enterprise bear the environmental accountability?accountability?

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Obrigado! Obrigado!