• Eric Lindross• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVeqzYgTELk

• Daniel Alfredsson• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jE5Nz2efcW8

• Marion Hossa• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fY9CmK86fhs

• Sidney Crosby• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQQ7lmeWqBI

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFkWTGKNLT8

Colt McCoy

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VASrGGsC234

• Junior Seau

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxK5MafuNWs

Cardiovascular System

Role of Cardiovascular System

• Transport O2 and nutrients to tissues

• Remove CO2 and waste products from tissues

• Maintenance of constant body temperature

• Prevention of infection

Anatomy of the Heart

• Cardiac muscle

• About size of fist

• Located in thoracic cavity between lungs directly behind sternum

• Titled Apex (pointed end) is oriented to left

Walls of heart:

1.Pericardium – protective sac (reduces friction)

2.Epicardium – outer layer

3.Myocardium – layer made of cardiac muscle

4.Endocardium – innermost layer

The “Double Pump”• Right and left heart• Separated by interventricular

septum

• Right heart = right pump – Pump deoxygenated blood (just

returned from body) to the lungs– Pulmonary circulation

• Left heart = left pump– Pump oxygenated blood (just

returned from lungs) to the rest of the body

– Systemic circulation

• 4 chambers– Upper chambers = Atria (right & left)– Lower chambers = Ventricles (right & left)

• Left ventricle (thickest) – pump blood through entire body

• Right ventricle – pump blood short distance to lungs

Heart Valves• Atria & ventricles separated by valve =

Atrioventricular (AV) valves– Allows only one flow of blood (atria ventricles)– Right side of heart tricuspid valve

• Prevent backflow from right ventricle to right atrium– Left side of heart bicuspid (or mitral) valve

• Prevent backflow from left ventricle to left atrium

• Valves where blood leaves ventricles– Right side of heart Pulmonary semilunar valve

• Prevent backflow from pulmonary arteries to right ventricle– Left side of heart Aortic semilunar valve

• Separates aorta from left ventricle

Pathway of Blood Flow• Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from superior

& inferior vena cava– Superior vena cava = returns blood from upper body– Inferior vena cava = returns blood from lower body

• Blood moves from right atrium (through tricuspid vavle) to the right ventricle (passes tricuspid valve)

• Pumped out of pulmonary arteries (through pulmonary semilunar valve) to lungs pumps it to the lungs (pulmonary circulation)

• Oxygenated blood returns from lungs now O2-rich

• Through pulmonary veins into left atrium (only time a vein carries O2-rich blood!)

• Blood travels from left atrium (through bicuspid valve) to left ventricle

• Blood enters aorta (through aortic semilunar valve) & pumps to the whole body

This is known as SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

Cardiac Cycle

• Series of Events that lead to one heart beat

• Relaxation = diastole• Contraction = systole

• When blood pressure is measured it’s systolic pressure (120 mm Hg)/diastolic pressure (80 mm Hg)

Arteries, Veins & Capillaries • Arteries = vessels that carry blood away from heart

• Veins = vessels that carry blood toward heart

• Capillaries = microscopic vessels, 40, 000 km in length, exchange gasses and nutrients by diffusion between blood and tissues

• In systemic circulation, arteries carry oxygenated blood from heart to body tissues, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to heart

• In pulmonary circulation, pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs, while pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs back to heart

Excitation of the Heart

• SA node = Pacemaker

• AV node passes signal from atrium to ventricle

• Purkinje fibres contract ventricles to push blood through pulmonary veins/arteries

EKG

• P wave-atrial depolarization and immediate repolarization

• QRS complex-depolarization of ventrical

• T wave-ventricular repolarization

Blood Composition

Cardiac Output

• Q = L/min

• At rest Q = 5-6 L/m, during exercise Q = 30 L/min

Stroke Volume

• Is the amount of blood that is ejected from the left ventricle in a single beat

• SV (mL) = LVEDV (mL) – LVESV (mL)

• SV is regulated by 3 main factors:– LVEDV– Aortic blood pressure– Strength of ventricular contraction

Heart Rate (HR)

• Number of times the heart contracts per minute

• Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate:

• Q (L/min) = SV (mL) x HR (beats/min)

• Avg HR at rest = 72 b/min, average SV = 71 mL, therefore Q = 5040 mL/min or 5L/min

Cardiovascular Drift

• Initially during exercise, both SV and HR will increase, but after prolonged exercise SV may drop while HR continues to rise to maintain Q. This phenomena is called cardiovascular drift.

Blood distribution changes during exercise:

• moving blood from less important systems and organs like the digestive tract, to more important areas, like muscles and the heart.

• The brain always receives a constant supply (by volume) of blood, while the heart receives a constant % of blood.

• Training will increase the efficiency of all of these factors at rest:– (BP (down), Q (up), HR (down), SV (up))

• may increase the diameter of the coronary arteries and even blood volume.