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ESS 7ESS 7

An Introduction to Space An Introduction to Space WeatherWeather

Fall, Fall, 20102010

Raymond J. WalkerRaymond J. Walker

What is Science?

• Not a collection of facts!

• A way of thinking critically and quantitatively to solve problems!

• An important skill no matter what your path • An important skill no matter what your path in life.

• Mathematics is the language of science.

• We will learn about science by examining how the environment of space effects the Earth and therefore us.

What are the Goals of ESS 7?

• Introduce you the exciting field of space weather.

• Develop and hone skills in

– Critical thinking– Critical thinking

– Problem solving

– Technical communication

• Learn and develop scientific thinking skills.

Class Information• Professor Ray Walker

– 6843 Slichter Hall

– rwalker@igpp.ucla.edu

• Office Hours: MWF at after class -11:30AM or by appointment.11:30AM or by appointment.

Class Information Continued• Text book

– “An Introduction to Space Weather” by Mark Moldwin

• Lecture notes –http://www.igpp.ucla.edu/lucid/lessons/ess7_2010_fall/Lessons.htm 2010_fall/Lessons.htm

• Grading:

– Homework 25%

• Due one week after assigned

• Late homework worth 50%

– Two midterms 20% each

– Final 35%

What is Space Weather?“Space weather” refers to conditions on the Sun and in the

solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and

thermosphere that can influence the performance and

reliability of space-borne and ground-based

technological systems and can endanger human life or

health. Adverse conditions in the space environment can health. Adverse conditions in the space environment can

cause disruptions of satellite operations,

communications, navigation, and electric power

distribution grids, leading to a variety of socioeconomic

losses.”

National Space Weather Program Strategic Plan, 1995

Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research.

Why Bother?• Space physics started as curiosity driven

science - to explore the ionosphere, magnetosphere, Sun and heliosphere.

• In the 1970’s, 1980’s and 1990’s we started to use the regions above the started to use the regions above the neutral atmosphere – communications, weather forecasting, navigation etc.

• As early as the 1960’s humans began to go into space.

Space Effects on Technology

NRCan – Government of Canada

$ 6 0

$ 8 0

$ 1 0 0

$ 1 2 0R

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World Satellite Industry RevenuesWorld Satellite Industry Revenues

$49.1$55.0

$60.4

$73.1

$78.6$86.1

$91.1

$97.2

$ 0

$ 2 0

$ 4 0

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Reven

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Rate of change 29.3% 12.1% 9.7% 21.1% 7.5% 9.6% 5.8% 6.7%

$38.0

$49.1

Source: Satellite Industry Association

$ 6 0

$ 8 0

$ 1 0 0

$ 1 2 0R

even

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World Satellite Industry RevenuesWorld Satellite Industry Revenues

$49.1$55.0

$60.4

$73.1

$78.6$86.1

$91.1

$97.2

In 2009 it reached $160.9 billion!

$ 0

$ 2 0

$ 4 0

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Reven

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in b

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Rate of change 29.3% 12.1% 9.7% 21.1% 7.5% 9.6% 5.8% 6.7%

$38.0

$49.1

Source: Satellite Industry Association

In 2009 it reached $160.9 billion!

$30.0

$40.0

$50.0

$60.0

$70.0

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FSS MSS DBS

World Satellite Services RevenueWorld Satellite Services Revenue

$29.7

$38.6

$46.5$49.1

$56.0

$60.9

$0.0

$10.0

$20.0

$30.0

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

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FSS=VSAT services, remote sensing, and transponder leasing MSS=Mobile telephone and mobile dataDBS/DARS=DTH TV, DARS, and Broadband

$15.8

$21.1$ 24.4

$29.7

FSS 6.1$ 6.8$ 7.3$ 8.6$ 9.2$ 8.9$ 8.7$ 9.7$ 9.4$

MSS 0.7$ 0.8$ 1.0$ 1.3$ 1.5$ 1.4$ 1.3$ 1.7$ 2.0$

DBS 9.0$ 13.5$ 16.1$ 19.8$ 27.9$ 36.2$ 39.1$ 44.7$ 49.5$

Source: Satellite Industry AssociationDTH-stars

The Example of Galaxy IV?• Space is a very hostile environment.

• In the 1990’s the commercial satellite industry boomed – by 2004 making, launching and using the satellites was a $160X109 per year business.$160X109 per year business.

• Galaxy IV was an operating and profitable communications satellite.

– 90% of pager traffic

– Several broadcast networks – NPR (radio), CBS (television)

May 19, 1998

• Galaxy IV failed.

• It had been in an intense radiation environment for weeks due to a series of magnetic storms.magnetic storms.

• It was killed by radiation effects related to the storms.

A More Down to Earth ExampleArea affected by black out.

Where Disturbances Occurred

NCAR Windows to the Universe

SyllabusDate Lecture Assignment

9/24 Introduction to Space Weather Read Chapter 1

9/27 History Read Chapter 2 – HW 1

9/29 The Sun

10/1 The Sun

10/4 The Sun Read Chapter 3 – HW 2

10/6 The Heliosphere

10/8 The Heliosphere

10/11 The Heliosphere Read Chapter 4 - HW 3

10/13 Bow Shock and Magnetosheath

10/15 Review for First Exam

Syllabus

Date Lecture Assignment

10/18 Magnetosphere

10/20 First Exam

10/22 Magnetosphere

10/25 Magnetosphere Read Chapter 5 – HW 4

10/27 Substorms

10/29 Storms

11/1 Atmosphere HW - 5

11/3 Ionosphere

11/5 Aurora

11/8 Review for Second Exam

Syllabus

Date Lecture Assignment

11/10 Second Exam Read Chapter 6

11/12 Technology and Space Weather

11/15 Technology and Space Weather

11/17 Technology and Space WeatherRead Chapter 7 - HW 6

11/19 Planets

11/22 Planets

11/26 Holiday

11/29 Humans in Space/ Other Space Weather

12/3 Review for Final

The Sun Yesterday(September 23,2010)