Chairperson : Dr. Shwetha Patil Presenter : Shruti Murthy

IntroductionPrehistoric healthPrimitive Era

Indian Chinese Egyptian Mesopotamia Greek Roman Arabian

Dark AgesMedieval AgesRenaissanceColonial EraModern EraSummaryReferences

INTRODUCTION

•Nomadic Existence

•Magic, spells, folklore

•Sanitation of camp sites-mythical reasons

Suffering: DemonsHealth: Good SpiritsWitch DoctorsWitchcraft

i.e Pleasing demons by

CharmsArmletsSacrifices-

even humans!

Gods & Godesses

Disease-result of sins

Priest Physicians

Chastisement -a precondition to treatment

FATALISTIC THEORY

Spirituality & ethicsAyurveda- Science of life

Tri-Dosha theoryMaintenance of health as a wholePurity & Cleanliness

JALASUDDI (PURE

WATER)

AHARASUDDI (CLEAN

FOOD)

DEHASUDDI

(CLEAN BODY)

MANASUDDI (PURE

MIND)

DESASUDDI (CLEAN

ENVIRONMENT)

PURITY

Charaka- PhysicianCharaka Samhita

Sushruta- SurgeonSushruta Samhita

Atreya

Vaghbhat

HypothesisYin and Yang

5 elements, 5 body parts, 5 principlesNeijing suwen- on silk

Barefoot doctors

Acupuncture & Moxification

Moxification

Acupunture

Intestinal putrefaction of food Disease

Treated by emetics, laxatives

Yet,Well-established community systems:

Public bathsDrains collecting rain waterEarth closets

Personal hygiene-sanitation, loose clothing.

emotions

Rx- astrologic sign of Jupiter

Houses of Life – 1st Dynasty

19th Dynasty- Insurance, sick leave, pensions

An extension of Egyptian disease concept

Efforts to prevent disease spread

Mosaic law/code-human conduct

Torah - health related laws & rituals; Segregation of lepers Washing after handling dead body Sanitation of camp sites Communicable disease control Fumigation…

Sabbath day

Forbid pork

Leviticus –isolation of lepers

A good level of health, but

Lack of health promotion

Hypothesis- HUMORAL THEORY• 4 humors (microcosm) & 4 elements (macrocosm)•Any imbalance led to disease•Treated by restoring the balance- by herbs

•Emphasis on individual- physical aspects•Games, gymnastics, athletics, exercise

•Hence,•Environmental sanitation suffered

Aesculapius

Hygeia(Preventive medicine)

Panacea(clinical medicine)

•Hippocrates – Hippocrates Corpus - Hippocratic oath

- First epidemiologist

•Herophilus - Nerves and blood vessels

Hippocrates

Hypothesis- 2 humors (bile & phlegm)-blood letting, magic, folklore

Emphasis on State, individual neglected

Regular Census

Aqueduct, ‘pay toilets’, street repairs…

Wealth accumulated, men decayed

•Galen – Anatomy & Physiology (apes)

•Vesalius- Human dissection

•Celsus(1st Century AD)- surgery rather than supernatural forces/destiny

Aqueduct

Public Bath

Sewers & Rain water drains

•Translated Greco-Roman & Indian texts –Hunayn-Ibn-Ishaq•Developed Unani

•Galen,Charaka,Sushruta,Hippocrates

•Humoral theory

•Cairo Hospital (8th century)- Hospital-based clinical training

•Mobile hospital teams-Prison•Mobile dispensaries-rural areas

Botanical writings of ancient Greeks

Rhazes (850-923 AD) Continens (unfinished)Book on children’s diseases

Avicenna (980-1037 AD)Canon of medicine (diagnosis by pulse & urine)

Ibn an-Nafis (1288)Pulmonary Circulation (disproving Galen’s

doctrines)

Al-KindiPharmacology texts

Spine surgery

Eye Anatomy

Chaotic western states

Superstitions & mysticismSaint Styelitis

Cholera Epidemic- Mecca pilgrimages

Leprosy- Egypt to Asia, EuropeRejection led to eliminiation

Severe Pandemics

Cholera spread- Six Holy Crusades

The Black Death- Bubonic Plague (1348 AD)

Asia to Africa, Turkey, Greece, Italy up till EuropeAtleast 25 million died in Europe alone1st official quarantine-Marseilles 1383

Efforts ineffective

ItalyEra of Scientific principlesGenius Scientists ;

Copernicus, Da Vinci, Galileo,…

Yet,Trade spread diseasesPlague lingered

3 Plague pandemics – Europe

Small pox- America

Dr.Edward Jenner-smallpox vaccine

Syndenham

4 phases:Miasma Phase (1850-1880)Disease Control Phase (1880-1920)Health Promotion Phase (1920-1960)Social Engineering Phase (1960-present)

Family & Community Medicine

Primary Health Care

Deprofessionalization of Medicine

Ambroise Pare

Battle surgeon

Firearm wounds

Ligatures & dressings

James Lind

Naval Surgeon

Prevention of Scurvy

William Harvey

Blood Circulation

72 beats/ minute

Disproved Galen’s Hypothesis

English Hippocrates

Miasmatic theory

First distinguished epidemiologist

Edward Jenner

Small Pox Vaccination 1796

Max Von Pettenkofer

Germ Theory

1st Institute of Hygiene

A Sanitarian

Louis Pasteur

A chemist

Pasteurization

Rabies Vaccine

Microbiology & Immunology

Robert Koch

Microbiologist

Anthrax

Culture Media-nutrient agar

Koch’s Postulates

Paul Ehlrich

Immunology

Salvarsan- ‘Magic Bullet’

Walter Reed

Yellow fever- Aedes Mosquito

Park K. Textbook of Preventive & Social Medicine, 19th edition, chp 1, p 1-10

Dhaar G M, Robbani I. Foundations of Community Medicine. Section 1, p 2-10

Anderson C L. Community Health, p 3-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_healthhttp://www.abpischools.org.uk/res/

coResourceImport/resources04/history/timeline.cfm

http://www.enotes.com/public-health-encyclopedia/history-public-health