Post on 03-Jun-2018
transcript
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
1/13
FOUR KEY POINTS
IN EFFECTIVE
PROGRAMMING
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
2/13
1.Periodic improvement
2.Coordination at all levels
3. stability of programs
4.Active involvement of concerned
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
3/13
SCHEDULING
Establishing a time sequence for program step
providing specific time frame as to when each action is to be completed.
The program therefore is matched with logical timet
for purpose s of determining the number of people other resources needed to bring about closer coordina
with all the departments concerned.
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
4/13
THREE CONSIDERATIONS IN TIMEDISTRIBUTION FOR SCHEDULING
1. PRINCIPLE OF THE CRITICAL FEW (ParetosPrinciple)
A small number of obstacles can give rise to a lo
problems , e.g.. in the first 25% of the total tim
something can go wrong such as communicatiotraining and motivation , delays for approval proces
and release and staff collaboration.
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
5/13
2. PERT concept
PERT ( Program Evaluation and Review Technique)
Calculating the most pessimistic time, optimistic time and thelikely time to carry out a particular phase of the progrepeatedly over a period of time.
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
6/13
Pessimistic time- maximum possible time required to accompltask.
Optimistic time- minimum possible time required to accomplistask.
Most likely time the best time of the time required to accom
task.
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
7/13
3. TRADE OFF CONCEPT
A series of reasonable, acceptable, and logical calculations in order tfinally arrive at a schedule in getting the job done, e.g. addinresources like money, personnel, and facilities in order to delay antherefore buy time thereby minimizing or discarding program stepperforming some of the program steps at the same time.
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
8/13
BUDGETS
Allocating resources to accomplish objeccarry out programs, e.g., materials, manpofacilities
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
9/13
SIX TYPES OF APPROPRIATIONBUDGETS
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
10/13
Appropriation budgets- a legislative
act authorizing the expenditure of adesignated amount of public fundsfor a specific purpose
S S O O O
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
11/13
SIX TYPES OF APPROPRIATIONBUDGETS
1. Land building and equipment
2. Research and development for new produ
processes
3. Institutional advertising and other forms of pr
4. Training and development of personnel
5. Market penetration strategies
6.Market development strategies
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
12/13
market penetration strategy
A market penetration strategy involves focusing on selling your existing pro
or services into your existing markets to gain a higher market share. This is thstrategy most organizations will consider because it carries the lowest amorisk.
Market Development strategy
Market development involves branching out in some way to increase custby improving access to a current product. In other words, a compafocusing on developing a bigger market for its existing product, as oppossay, developing a better product to attract new customers or trying texisting customers to buy more of its products.
8/11/2019 Four Key Points in Effective Programming.pptx Pharmaceu.addd
13/13
4 FACTORS IN THE BUDGETINGPROCESS
1. Separate budgets for each department , division or
subsidiary unit of the company.
2. A firm forecast based on planning premises or marketassumptions.
3. A well-balanced program to support the budget allocation.
4. A budgeting unit for clerical services , e.g., compiling andcirculating report, detailed analysis of proposed budget.