Geographic distribution, population dynamics and management of the Mediterranean fruitand management of the Mediterranean fruit

fly in northern Mediterranean countries

Nikos PapadopoulosLaboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoologyy gy g gy

University of Thessaly, Greece

Synopsis• Geographical distribution and origin • Distribution in Europe and Mediterranean

Lif hi t i t i d l ti• Life history, overwintering, and population dynamics across a gradient of latitudes– Crete, south Greece

Chi t l G– Chios, central Greece– Volos, central Greece– Thessaloniki, north Greece– Podgorica, Montenegro– Dubrovnik, Croatia,– Spit, Croatiap

• Summary of medfly phenology in different Mediterranean countries

• Modeling phenology and management decisionsModeling phenology and management decisions • Conclusions

Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, (Di t T h itid )(Diptera: Tephritidae)

Biological characteristics•Extremely polyphagous

• Hosts: > 300 fruit species

•Multivoltine– 3 – more than 10 generation per year

•Plastic adjustments in life history traits– Thermal plasticity

•Geographic Distribution– Cosmopolitan

•One of the most important pest for the word fruit productionword fruit production

• Stone, Pome, Citrus, other

•Control extremely difficult– Area wide controlArea wide control

Global Geographic Distributiong p

Malacrida et al 2007

4 5Life cycle

3 6

2

7

1

2

8

Seasonal development

Distribution in Mediterranean and Europe• Frequent detection in northern Mediterranean coasts

•Routes of dispersion•coastal areas•valleys

8 περιοχές

1212 περιοχές

Medfly detection

Aim of the current paper• Review the phenology of medfly

– emphasis on cooler more temperate areas

• Define key life history traits of such a successful invadery y

• Understand phenology in extreme environments

• Understand patterns of dispersion in northern-temperate areas

• Develop simple model to base management strategies.

MethodsC t di l di t f l tit d• Case studies along a gradient of latitudes– Crete, Greece– Chios, GreeceC os, G eece– Volos, Greece– Thessaloniki, Greece

Montenegro– Montenegro– Dubrovnik, Croatia– Split, Croatia

• Summarize the phenology in different Mediterranean areasMediterranean areas

• Life history data– Field and laboratory studies

Study areas

Life history, overwintering, andLife history, overwintering, and population dynamics in temperate

areas

Crete, Greece

ap

400

ptur

es p

er tr

a

200

Adu

lt ca

p 200

J F M A M J J A S O N D0

• Both adults and immature stages survive during winter

L d l t l

Mavrikakis et al. 2000. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. Michelakisl. 1992. Israel Journal of Entomology

• Long developmental duration of immatures

Chios, Greece

L ithi it f it• Larvae within citrus fruits overwinter

Katsoyannos et al. 1998. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.

Volos, Greece

200

er tr

ap

100

Adu

lts p

e 100

J F M A M J J A S O N D0

• Mainly larvae within fruits i t doverwinter, and pupae

Papadopoulos et al. 2010

Orchard A

Northern Greece

SE

)

1991Orchard BOrchard A

0

100

200

17/8

wee

k (±

S

0

100

2001992

1/9

trap

per w

0

100

2002/925/8

0

1993

ales

per

t 0

100200300400

199423/629/8

Ma

100

200 1995

0100

6/7 27/8

0 Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.Papadopoulos et al. 2001. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 94: 41-50

Adult phenology y 30

40

50 Split Croatia

phenologyMontenegro,

rap

per d

a

0

10

20

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Croatia

Flie

s pe

r tr 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

30

40

50

Dubrovnik Croatia

F

0

10

20

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

40

50Montenegro

0

10

20

30

Ordinal Date

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

Bjelics et al. 2007Radovic 2010.(unpublished data)

How populations persist in cooler temperate areas?

Life history adjustments?

What makes medfly such a ysuccessful invader?

Only larvae survived from autumn to spring

Survival of larvae in field conditionsul

ts (%

)

60

70Only larvae survived from autumn to spring

Low temperatures

ave

adu

40

50y = -6,9 + 18,3x - 11,1x2 + 2,1x3

r2 = 0,93

+ appropriate host

e th

at g

20

30

Larv

ae

0

10

D J F b M A M

Immature stages up to 6 months

Time that larvae left fruits to pupate

Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May

Papadopoulos et al. 1996. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 89: 526-534.

Plasticity in immatures developments20

10

15

20

Golden Delicious Avg. days

23.1

s

0

5

15

20Granny Smith

23.1

. Adu

lts

5

10

15 Granny Smith35.3

No. 0

15

20

21

0

510 Bitter Orange 21.5

Days since larvae hatched

00 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45

Papadopoulos and Katsoyannos 2002, unpublished data

Adult emergence, survival, and oviposition in field conditions100va

loviposition in field conditions

Pl ti it

60

80

-sur

viv

Adult emergence

SurvivalPlasticity + adaptation

40

60

erge

nce

mal

e20

Adult emergence

Egg laying

0

20

dult

eme

Egg

s/fe

m

0

10Adults longevity > 4 months

0April May June July Aug.A

d 0

BlossomFruits ripening

Blossom

Variability in adult demographic traits

Variability inVariability in female traits

among different biotypes

Diamantidis et al. 2009. Biological Journal of the Linnean Soc.

Model on medfly phenology in northern Greece

Ad lt ( ti )

northern Greece ns

ity

Adults occurrence (generations)

(1st)(2nd)

(3rd – 5th)

atio

n de

n

Overwintering larvae

Overwintering pupae

Apricots Pome fruits (apples etc.)

ult p

opul

a

CherriesLoquats

FigsO i t l i

Overwintering generation >10 months

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

PeachesAdu Loquats Oriental persimmons

M d li dfl h lModeling medfly phenology at different latitudes

Management strategiesInvading – or feral populationInvading – or feral population

us

Established Non Established

rmin

e st

atu

Phenology pop DynamicsDetailed studies – regional,

local

Det

ers

Phenology – pop. DynamicsPatterns of detections

localEcology, genetics

Collaboration among counties

Eradication Do nothingManagement if neededD

ecis

ions Regional Projects

Eradication Do nothing

Area-wide t

if needed

nage

men

t

management Zero tolerance

Man

Acknowledgement• James Carey, UCDavis

• Byron Katsoyannos, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece

• Nikos Kouloussis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Greece• Nikos Kouloussis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

• Mario Bjelics, Plant Protection Institute, Croatia

• Sanja Randovic, University of Montenegro

• Alex Diamantidis, University of Thessaly

• Dimitrios Papachristos, Benaki Phytopathological Institute

• International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA

• Funding agents u d g age ts

• OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and

Development)

• University of Thessaly Greece