Post on 21-Dec-2015
transcript
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
History; Software Review;Data Capture
Presented by
Reza WahadjUniversity of California ,San Diego (UCSD)
Today:
1. History of GIS and review of software2. Data Collection3. Concept of Projection
4. Using ArcMap (in detail)
5. Georeferencing (BIRN sample)
6. Using ArcCatalog (create shape file, create coverage, projection)
7. Using 3D Analyst & Spatial Analyst (create slope map, contour map)
8. Using ArcReader (sample)
9. Using ArcScene (sample)
Tomorrow: 1. Geodatabase (Personal Geodatabase , ArcSDE) 2. Geoprocessing ArcMap, ArcINFO (Create hillshade)3. ArcObjects programming model and demo4. ArcToolbox (conversions, projections)5. Anatomy of ArcIMS and internet mapping ,services6. MetaData Explorer
History of GIS
Decade Milestones for computer-based GIS
1960’s - Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) developed: national land inventory pioneered many aspects of GIS- Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis: pioneered software for spatial data handling- US Bureau of Census developed DIME data format- ESRI founded
1970’s - CGIS fully operational (and still operational today)
- First Landsat satellite launched (USA)
- CARIS founded
- USGS begins Geographical Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) to manage and analyze large land resources databases and Digital Line Graph (DLG) data format
- ERDAS founded
- ODYSSEY GIS launched (first vector GIS)
History of GIS
Decade Milestones for computer-based GIS
1980’s - ESRI launches ARC/INFO (vector GIS)
- GPS became operational
- US Army Corp of Engineers develop GRASS (raster GIS)
- MapInfo founded
- First SPOT satellite launched (Europe)
- IDRISI Project started (GIS program)
- SPANS GIS produced
- National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA) established in USA
- TIGER digital data
History of GIS
Decade Milestones for computer-based GIS
1990’s - MapInfo for Windows, Intergraph, Autodesk, others- ESRI produces ArcView and ARCGIS- $7+ billion industry
GIS Software
• The geoprocessing engines of GIS• Major functions
– Collect, store, mange, query, analyze and present
• Key terms– Program – collections of instructions to manipulate data– Package – integrated collection of programs– Component – self-contained, reusable software building
blocks
User Interface Applications
Geographic Tools
Data AccessSpatial
ReferenceVector
DataManager
Raster
Output
Editing
Analysis
CustomizationDisplay
Translation
Functionality Architecture
Product Families Autodesk ESRI Intergraph MapInfo Smallworld
Viewer AutoCAD LT
ArcReader GeoMedia Viewer ProViewer Custom
Desktop World ArcView GeoMedia MapInfo Professional
Spatial Intelligence
Profess-ional
AutoCAD / Map
ArcEditorArcInfo
GeoMedia Pro MapInfo Professional
Smallworld GIS
Hand-held OnSite ArcPad IntelliWhere MapXtend Scout
Database Server
GIS Server
ArcSDE Uses Oracle Spatial
SpatialWare Part of Smallworld GIS
Component In several products
MapObjects
Part of GeoMedia MapX, MapJ Part of Smallworld GIS
Internet MapGuide ArcIMS GeoMedia Web Map, GeoMedia Web Enterprise
MapXtreme, MapXSite
Smallworld Internet Applic- ation Server
CAD AutoCAD Map
In several products
In several products
In several products
Part of Smallworld GIS
Number ofUsers
CostInternetViewer
ComponentHand-heldDesktop
Professional
Functionality
GIS Software Classification
0 1000000 2000000 3000000
Users
Internet
Viewer
Component
Hand-held
Desktop
Professional
Type of Software System
GIS Market
ArcSDE Unifies Spatial Data Access
• ArcGIS Desktop ApplicationsArcGIS Desktop Applications
• ArcIMS , ArcExplorer, ArcPadArcIMS , ArcExplorer, ArcPad
• MapObjects MapObjects
• Third-Party applicationsThird-Party applications
SQL ServerSQL Server OracleOracle InformixInformix IBM DB2IBM DB2
ArcSDE Services
Enterprise GIS
Organizations expect to... • Leverage existing spatial data (eliminate silos)
• Integrate spatial data with core business data • Incorporate spatial into workflow between
departments (for a city…tax assessor, appraisal, DPW, police, fire, IT)
• Deploy IT standards to all their data• Move client / server GIS apps to the web and wireless
devices• Benefit from scalability and security
First, Spatially Enable The Data…
ArcSDEArcSDE
Data Is Independent of Application
ArcIMSArcIMSArcGISArcGIS
SQL ServerSQL ServerSQL ServerSQL Server
High Availability, High Performance, Secure, Scalable
Publisher Authors PMF Documents
ArcReaderArcReader
A New ExtensionA New Extension
PublisherPublisher
ArcMapArcMap
DataDataMXDMXD
PMFPMF
Distributed GIS
• Consume and expose Web services for:
– Mapping
– Metadata
– Data sharing and distribution
– Geoprocessing
• Provide standard services and components for web developer
(.Net, “generic XML/SOAP”, or Java API’s)
GIS Internet Enterprise TodayGIS Internet Enterprise Today
Web Server
DatabasesDatabases
BrokerBroker
BrowsersBrowsers
Web
ApplicationsApplications
Future GIS Internet Enterprise
Web Server
DatabasesDatabases
BrokerBroker
BrowsersBrowsers
Web
ApplicationsApplications
ServicesServices
Distributed GIS DevelopmentDistributed GIS Development
• New Concept – g.net architecture– leveraging emerging web technologies
• Web services– GIS technology for applications over the web
• Mapping
• Metadata
• GIS Functionality
– Spatial Data sharing and distribution
• Extends ArcGIS System concept– Desktop Applications
– Back Office Servers
– Distributed “Services” via the Internet
G.net Architecture Building Blocks
GIS Portal
GIS Portal
• Network architecture
(Distributed)
• Loosely Coupled
• Internet Standards
• Many GeoServices
• Many Clients
• Metadata Servers
• Open / Interoperable
• Full GIS capabilities
GIS Users
GIS PortalMetadata
Server
Searc
h Cat
alog
and
Fin
d
Searc
h Cat
alog
and
Fin
d
Publish GIS Data & ServicesPublish GIS Data & Services
Document in CatalogDocument in Catalog
Connect and U
se
Connect and U
se
Checkout and U
se
Checkout and U
se
World Wide Web
Author, Manage, Serve Geographic Information Collections
Author, Manage, Serve Catalogs
GIS GIS ClientsClients
GIS GIS ClientsClients
ESRI Direction“Software for G.Net”
GIS Web GIS Web ServicesServices
GIS Web GIS Web ServicesServices
ArcGIS
Used to build
• Data
• Maps
• Models
• Applications
• Metadata
ArcGIS
Used to build
• Data
• Maps
• Models
• Applications
• Metadata
ArcIMS
• Serve GIS
• Data
• Maps
• Apps
ArcIMS
• Serve GIS
• Data
• Maps
• Apps
ArcGIS
• Author and Manage
Metadata
• Build Catalog
ArcGIS
• Author and Manage
Metadata
• Build Catalog
Array of GIS Clients
Access and use GIS data and services
• ArcReader
• Map Objects for Java
• ArcGIS Desktop & Extensions
• ArcPad
Array of GIS Clients
Access and use GIS data and services
• ArcReader
• Map Objects for Java
• ArcGIS Desktop & Extensions
• ArcPad
ArcSDE
Used to manage
• Data
• Metadata
• Transactions
ArcSDE
Used to manage
• Data
• Metadata
• Transactions
ArcSDE
Used to manage and distribute
• Metadata
ArcSDE
Used to manage and distribute
• Metadata
ArcIMS
• Manage Metadata
• Provide Search Services
ArcIMS
• Manage Metadata
• Provide Search Services
MetadatMetadata & a &
Catalog Catalog ServicesServices
MetadatMetadata & a &
Catalog Catalog ServicesServices
Market Forces Are Driving Change
• Organizations are moving and consolidating spatial data into relational databases to improve interoperability
• Organizations are moving client/server mapping applications to the web and looking to web services for the future
• Organizations are integrating spatial data analysis and map visualization into key business applications to improve decision making and service delivery
Data Collection
• One of most expensive GIS activities
• Many diverse sources
• Two broad types of collection– Data capture (direct collection)– Data transfer
Data Collection Techniques
Raster Vector
Primary Digital remote sensing images
GPS measurements
Digital aerial photographs
Survey measurements
Secondary Scanned maps Topographic surveys
DEMs from maps Toponymy data sets from atlases
Primary Data Capture
• Capture specifically for GIS use• Raster – remote sensing
– e.g. SPOT and IKONOS satellites and aerial photography
– Passive and active sensors
• Resolution is key consideration– Spatial– Spectral– Temporal
Vector Primary Data Capture
• Surveying– Locations of objects determines by angle and
distance measurements from known locations– Uses expensive field equipment and crews– Most accurate method for large scale, small areas
• GPS– Collection of satellites used to fix locations on
Earth’s surface– Differential GPS used to improve accuracy
Secondary Geographic Data Capture
• Data collected for other purposes can be converted for use in GIS
• Raster conversion– Scanning of maps, aerial photographs,
documents, etc– Important scanning parameters are spatial
and spectral (bit depth) resolution
Vector Secondary Data Capture
• Collection of vector objects from maps, photographs, plans, etc.
• Digitizing– Manual (table) – Heads-up and vectorization
• Photogrammetry – the science and technology of making measurements from photographs, etc.
• COGO – Coordinate Geometry
Data Transfer
• Many widely distributed sources of GI
• Key catalogs include– US NSDI Clearinghouse network– Geography Network
• Access technologies– Translation– Direct read