Geography Higher level and standard level Paper 1

Candidate session number

N16/3/GEOGR/BP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

GeographyHigher level and standard levelPaper 1

Wednesday 16 November 2016 (morning)

Instructions to candidates

y Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. y Section A: answer all questions. y Section B: answer one question. y Write your answers on the lines in the boxes provided. If you need to continue your answer,

use the blank space immediately below the lines provided in the box. y Use examples, maps and/or diagrams where relevant. y The maximum mark for this examination paper is [60 marks].

1 hour 30 minutes

20EP01

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Core theme – patterns and change

Section A

Answer all questions. Write your answers on the lines in the boxes provided. If you need to continue your answer, use the blank space immediately below the lines provided in the box.

1. Populations in transition

The graph shows the changes in child mortality rates for selected regions of the world since 1990.

200

175

150

125

100

75

50

25

0

1990

2012

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

Sub-Saharan Africa

South Asia

Europe and Central Asia

2014

Chi

ld m

orta

lity

rate

Year

[Source: adapted from http://blogs.worldbank.org (1990)]

(a) State what the child mortality rate measures. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

20EP02

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(Question 1 continued)

(b) Describe the trend in child mortality shown on the graph for Europe and Central Asia. [2]

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(c) Suggest two reasons for the trend in child mortality since 1990 in Sub-Saharan Africa. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(This question continues on the following page)

20EP03

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(Question 1 continued)

(d) Suggest two positive socio-economic impacts of an ageing population. [2+2]

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20EP04

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Turn over

Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

20EP05

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2. Disparities in wealth and development

The map shows how different regions within Nigeria score on the United Nations Development Programme’s Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). The higher the score, the greater the incidence of poverty.

150 km

N

Key:

0–0.19

0.20–0.39

0.40 or more

Lagos

Kano

Abuja

Ibadan

Port Harcourt

Benin

Cameroon

Niger

Incr

easi

ng p

over

ty

Atlantic Ocean

(Average for Nigeria is 0.30)

Major urban area

[Source: Alkire, S., Conconi, A., Robles, G., and Seth, S. (2015). “Multidimensional Poverty Index, Winter 2014/2015: Brief Methodological Note and Results.” OPHI Briefi ng 27, University of Oxford, January

(http://www.ophi.org.uk/methodological-note-mpi-winter-20142015/).]

(This question continues on the following page)

20EP06

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Turn over

(Question 2 continued)

(a) Describe the pattern of poverty shown on the map. [3]

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(b) Suggest two reasons why differences in poverty occur within countries. [2+2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

20EP07

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(Question 2 continued)

(c) Explain two positive outcomes of a strategy designed to reduce economic disparities within one named country. [2+2]

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20EP08

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Turn over

Please do not write on this page.

Answers written on this page will not be marked.

20EP09

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3. Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability

The graph shows the progress made by a manufacturing corporation since 2010 towards meeting its 2020 targets for environmental sustainability. All values are relative to an index value of 100 in 2010.

A

Waste to landfill

Greenhousegas emissions

Particulatesin the air

Toxic airemissions

Energy consumption

0

20

40

60

80

100

2040

60

80

100

80

8060

60

40

2020

20

2010Progress made by 20132020 targets for environmental sustainability

Key:

[Source:© Owens Corning 2016. Used by permission.]

(a) Describe what is meant by the term “environmental sustainability”. [2]

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(This question continues on the following page)

20EP10

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Turn over

(Question 3 continued)

(b) State the aspect of environmental sustainability that should replace “A” on the graph. [1]

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(c) Describe the progress made by this corporation since 2010 towards meeting its 2020 targets for environmental sustainability. [4]

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(d) Suggest two environmental disadvantages of sending waste to landfill. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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20EP11

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4. Patterns in resource consumption

The graph shows the global extraction of several important groups of resources and per capita consumption rates.

Metal oresCoal, oil, natural gas

Biomass

Non-metallicminerals

1980 1995 2010

16

48

8

6

1112

1616

12

22 27

Resource consumption per capita inmetric tonnes

9.1 8.7 9.5

Year

80

60

40

20

0

Glo

bal e

xtra

ctio

n (b

illio

ns o

f met

ric to

nnes

)[Source: Ellen MacArthur Foundation, www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org]

(a) Referring to the graph, describe the trend in global biomass extraction between 1980 and 2010. [3]

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(This question continues on the following page)

20EP12

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Turn over

(Question 4 continued)

(b) Suggest two reasons why the total resource consumption per capita decreased between 1980 and 1995, even though global resource extraction was increasing. [2+2]

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(c) Suggest two disadvantages of recycling materials as a strategy to reduce resource consumption. [2+2]

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20EP13

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Section B

Answer one question. Write your answer on the lines in the box provided.

5. “The fact that the world’s population is now growing less rapidly means that there will be less pressure on the environment.” Discuss this statement. [15]

6. Examine the geopolitical and environmental impacts of the production and/or consumption of fossil fuels such as oil. [15]

7. Examine the relationship between environmental change and human migrations. [15]

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20EP14

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20EP16

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Turn over

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20EP18

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Turn over

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20EP20

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Geography Higher level and standard level Paper 1

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