Grammar: Monday

Learning Targets

– I can identify the two classes of Parts of Speech.– I can recite the definition of a noun.– I can identify common nouns and proper nouns.– I can identify singular and plural nouns.– I can match this weeks vocabulary words with

their definition.

Ms. Walkowiak’s Rule for Grammar

Eight Parts of Speech

Noun Adjective Pronoun Verb Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection

Interjection

Interjections are exclamations such as Oh or Well that play no grammatical role in the sentence…We will ignore interjections from this point on.

Grouping

The seven parts of speech fall within two groups, or classes.

Open classes Closed classes

Club members?

Open classes– Noun– Adjective– Verb– Adverb

Closed classes– Pronoun– Preposition– Conjunction

Think of the parts of speech as having clubs.

Open classes are large organizations that freely admit new members.

Closed classes are small, private clubs with exclusive, limited memberships.

Example

Noun: The chain is rusty.

Verb: We had to chain the dogs.

Tests to Identify Words

1. Word-form tests. Open-class words often have distinctive endings by which class can be identified.

– For example, nouns have plural and possessive endings, and verbs have past-tense endings.

Tests to Identify Words

2. “Tip-off” word tests. Certain words can occur only with specific open classes.

– For example, the can only be used with nouns and will can be used only with verbs.

Tests to Identify Words

3.Substitution tests. Certain types of words can substitute only for specific open classes.

– For example, the pronouns it and they can substitute only for nouns and their modifiers.

The Future of Grammar

Starting this week, we will start looking at grammar in a way that will help you identify parts of speech more easily.

We will introduce tips and techniques that will help you understand grammar better.

Vocabulary

Perturbed: troubled or disturbed

Plausible: credible or believable

Volatile: changeable or unstable

Embossed: raised above the surface

Protagonist: main character who initiates action

Grammar: Tuesday

Learning Targets

– I can identify the two classes of Parts of Speech.– I can recite the definition of a noun.– I can identify common nouns and proper nouns.– I can identify singular and plural nouns.– I can match this weeks vocabulary words with

their definition.

Traditional definition

A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea.

Person: teacher, grandma, chef, dancer…

Place: cabin, school, city, beach…

Thing: bus, baseball, car, butterfly…

Idea: justice, friendship, love, confusion…

Two types of nouns

Proper nouns Proper nouns are the

names of specific individuals.

– Charlie Brown, Darth Vader, Aunt Kathy

– Chicago, the Atlantic Ocean, Oz

– The New York Times, the Xerox Corporation, the Public Broadcasting Service

Common nouns Common nouns do not

refer to specific individuals. Instead, they refer to categories.

– student, child, woman, father

– city, attic, sidewalk, country

– book, computer, dragon– patriotism, justice,

friendship

Identifying the difference

Common Nouns Proper Nouns

caveman Fred Flintstone

politician Senator Blather

country Canada

cat Garfield

program Gilligan’s Island

movie Jurassic Park

Identifying Common Nouns

The the test for common nouns. If a word can be used with the article the, then that word is a common noun.

– the caveman– the politician– the country– the cat

* Careful, however, not to change the part of speech being tested by taking it out of the context of the original sentence (i.e. the book (noun), or to book (verb))

Practice

One word in each pair is a noun; the other word is another part of speech. Try the the test. Write N. under the word that passes the test.

1. defend/defense the defend/ the defense N.

2. authority/authorize3. lengthen/length4. concession/ concede5. discover/discovery6. perform/performance

Answers

the authority the length the concession the discovery the performance

Practice

Underline the common nouns. Confirm by inserting the in front of every common noun. Read sentence after inserting the; does it make sense?

Example: Instrument measures velocity.

The instrument measures the velocity.

1. Problems were uncovered after inspection.

2. Moon was just rising over hills.

Answers

The problems were uncovered after the inspection.

The moon was just rising over the hills.

Reminder!

Grammar and vocabulary tests are on Friday!

Grammar: Wednesday

Learning Targets

– I can identify the two classes of Parts of Speech.– I can recite the definition of a noun.– I can identify common nouns and proper nouns.– I can identify singular and plural nouns.– I can match this weeks vocabulary words with

their definition.

Review

What are the two classes that the parts of speech can be broken into?

What are the two types of nouns?

Singular and Plural Nouns

Singular noun A noun that names only

one person, place, or thing.

Plural noun A noun that names

more than one person, place, or thing.

Plural Nouns

Add “s” to most singular nouns to make them plural

books pencils trucks

Plural Nouns

Add “es” to a singular noun that ends with s, x, ch, or sh.

glasses foxes lunches brushes

Plural Nouns

If a noun ends with a vowel and a “y” add “s”

keys highways monkeys boys

Plural Nouns

If the noun ends with a consonant and a “y”, change the “y” to an “i” and add “es”.

puppy = puppies lady = ladies butterfly = butterflies

Plural Nouns

Some nouns have special plural forms. Since these words follow no special pattern, you must learn them.

Mice Men Deer Children Feet Women Geese Oxen Calves Moose And so on….

Remember!

Practice

Make these singular nouns plural

girl church tray bunny sheep

Answers

girls churches trays bunnies sheep

Grammar: Thursday

Learning Targets

– I can identify the two classes of Parts of Speech.– I can recite the definition of a noun.– I can identify common nouns and proper nouns.– I can identify singular and plural nouns.– I can identify possessive nouns.– I can match this weeks vocabulary words with

their definition.

Singular Possessive Nouns

Add an apostrophe and an “s” to a singular noun to make it possessive.

spider’s web house’s roof Mark’s slingshot

Plural Possessive Nouns

When a plural noun ends with “s”, add an apostrophe.

butterflies’ wings babies’ strollers students’ teacher

Plural Possessive Nouns

When a plural noun doesn’t end with “s”, add an apostrophe and an “s”.

children’s blocks women’s eyes Sandy’s hair

Practice

Write the correct plural possessive form.

1. Her family’s/families guest house.2. The singers/singer’s agreed to the concert.3. Four critics’/critics recommended the book.4. Society’s/Societies’ definition of gender

roles have changed.5. The sound of horses’ hoofs/hooves rattled

the glass.

Answers

1. family’s

2. singers

3. critics

4. Society’s

5. hooves

Vocabulary Review: Matching

1. Perturbed

2. Plausible

3. Volatile

4. Embossed

5. Protagonist

a. credible or believable

b. troubled or disturbed

c. main character who initiates action

d. raised above the surface

e. changeable or unstable

TEST TOMORROW!

– identify the two classes of Parts of Speech?– recite the definition of a noun?– identify common nouns and proper nouns?– identify singular and plural nouns?– identify possessive nouns?– match the vocabulary words with their definition?

Can you…

Grammar Test

1. What is the difference between the open classes and closed classes of the parts of speech?

2. What is the difference between common and proper nouns? Give an example with your definition.

3. Give the plural form for these singular nouns: turtle, wish, echo, story, and thief.

4. List the correct plural possessive form:1. A muscian’s/musicians talent.2. Dr. Seuss’/Dr.Seuss’s sense of humor. 3. Cara and Susan’s/ Cara’s and Susan’s project impressed the

professor.

Vocabulary Test

Give the word that matches the definition.

1. raised above the surface

2. credible or believable

3. main character who initiates action

4. changeable or unstable

5. troubled or disturbed