Graphing Line Graphs Used to show data that IS ‐ _______________________________. Points are...

transcript

The Scientific Method, Observation Skills

Part 4

Graphing

Line Graphs

Used to show data that IS ‐_______________________________.

Points are plotted using x‐ and y‐axis

Points are _________________________

Shows relationship between two________________________(how/if the IV affects the DV) as they change

Many times, the IV plotted on the X‐axis is__________________________

continuous

connected

variables

a unit of time

Bar Graphs

Data is _________continuous Bars typically don’t touch Allows us to _______________qualitative data like amounts or percentages and ___________________ data such as places or things

There is no order to the categories on the X axis‐

compare

quantitative

Pie Graphs

Data is _________ continuous

Usually presents data as a “part of a whole” or as _______________________________

Categories add up to ____________________

Fraction or percent

# Description Line Bar Pie

Ex Amount of each color of M&M’s in a bag

1 Heating a pan of water over a time period

Shows number of students earning A’s, B’s, C’s

3 Measuring the percentage of each gas in air

4 Shows the percentage of allowance spent on different things

5 Shows height change over 15 year period

New Area of Focus: Observation, Inferences, and the Scientific Method.

• What’s science?

• Science is…– -– -– -

• A study of natural phenomenon.

• A systematic study and method.

• Knowledge through experience.

• A good Scientist is….– -– -– -– -– -– -– -– -

• Is safe!

• Is accurate, precise and methodical.

• Is unbiased, a seeker of the truth.

• Can observe and question.

• Can find solutions, reasons, and research.

• Works in all weather conditions if safe.

• Can overcome obstacles.

• Collaborates (talks) with others.

Do good

In science

tonight

Be nice

Scienc

For RealT

• Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. – -

• Science is a systematic attempt to get around human limitations. – Science tries to remove personal experience

from the scientific process.

“I love Science.”

“This data set makes

me happy.”

“I wanted better data.”

“Failure is not an

option.”

“I love Science.”

“This data set makes

me happy.”

“I wanted better data.”

“Failure is not an

option.”

• TRY AND WRITE WITHOUT PERSONAL PRONOUNS.– -

• TRY AND WRITE WITHOUT PERSONAL PRONOUNS.– DO NOT USE…I, me, you, he, she, we, you,

they, them, theirs, names, etc.

• Do not end science writing with the words “The End.” Save that for Disney movies.

“Data supports that

I have feelings for

you.”

• Types of scientists…– Biology – The study of life.– Geology – The study of Earth.– Chemistry – The study of Matter.– Physics – The study of matter and energy.– -– -– -– -– -The list will continue on the next page. Each

branch is a possible career field for you.

• Aerodynamics: the study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created

• Anatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living things • Anthropology: the study of human cultures both past and present • Archaeology: the study of the material remains of cultures • Astronomy: the study of celestial objects in the universe • Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe • Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease • Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and

processes occurring in organisms• Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical

sciences to questions of biology • Biology: the science that studies living organisms • Botany: the scientific study of plant life • Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics,

and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms

• Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself

• Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes

• Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation

• Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment

• Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena

• Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry

• Entomology: the study of insects • Environmental Science: the science of the interactions

between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment

• Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources

• Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms

• Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history

• Marine Biology: the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems Mathematics: a science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement

• Medicine: the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease

• Meteorology: study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting

• Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes

• Mineralogy: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals

• Molecular Biology: the study of biology at a molecular level.

• Nuclear Physics: the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom

• Neurology: the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders

• Oceanography: study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes

• Organic Chemistry: the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds

• Ornithology: the study of birds • Paleontology: the study of life-forms existing in former geological

time periods • Petrology: the geological and chemical study of rocks• Physics: the study of the behavior and properties of matter • Physiology: the study of the mechanical, physical, and

biochemical functions of living organisms• Radiology: the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of

radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes • Seismology: the study of earthquakes and the movement of

waves through the Earth• Taxonomy: the science of classification of animals and plants• Thermodynamics: the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and

the spontaneity of processes • Zoology: the study of animals

• Aerodynamics: the study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created • Anatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living things • Anthropology: the study of human cultures both past and present • Archaeology: the study of the material remains of cultures • Astronomy: the study of celestial objects in the universe • Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe • Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease • Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms• Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology • Biology: the science that studies living organisms • Botany: the scientific study of plant life • Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful

or valuable forms • Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself • Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes • Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation • Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment • Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena • Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry • Entomology: the study of insects • Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment • Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources • Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms • Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history• Marine Biology: the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems Mathematics: a science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and

arrangement • Medicine: the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease • Meteorology: study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting • Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes• Mineralogy: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals • Molecular Biology: the study of biology at a molecular level.• Nuclear Physics: the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom• Neurology: the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders • Oceanography: study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes• Organic Chemistry: the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds • Ornithology: the study of birds • Paleontology: the study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods • Petrology: the geological and chemical study of rocks• Physics: the study of the behavior and properties of matter • Physiology: the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms• Radiology: the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes • Seismology: the study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth• Taxonomy: the science of classification of animals and plants• Thermodynamics: the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes • Zoology: the study of animals

• Aerodynamics: the study of the motion of gas on objects and the forces created • Anatomy: the study of the structure and organization of living things • Anthropology: the study of human cultures both past and present • Archaeology: the study of the material remains of cultures • Astronomy: the study of celestial objects in the universe • Astrophysics: the study of the physics of the universe • Bacteriology: the study of bacteria in relation to disease • Biochemistry: the study of the organic chemistry of compounds and processes occurring in organisms• Biophysics: the application of theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology • Biology: the science that studies living organisms • Botany: the scientific study of plant life • Chemical Engineering: the application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful

or valuable forms • Chemistry: the science of matter and its interactions with energy and itself • Climatology: the study of climates and investigations of its phenomena and causes • Computer Science: the systematic study of computing systems and computation • Ecology: the study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment • Electronics: science and technology of electronic phenomena • Engineering: the practical application of science to commerce or industry • Entomology: the study of insects • Environmental Science: the science of the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment • Forestry: the science of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources • Genetics: the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms • Geology: the science of the Earth, its structure, and history• Marine Biology: the study of animal and plant life within saltwater ecosystems Mathematics: a science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and

arrangement • Medicine: the science concerned with maintaining health and restoring it by treating disease • Meteorology: study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and forecasting • Microbiology: the study of microorganisms, including viruses, prokaryotes and simple eukaryotes• Mineralogy: the study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals • Molecular Biology: the study of biology at a molecular level.• Nuclear Physics: the branch of physics concerned with the nucleus of the atom• Neurology: the branch of medicine dealing with the nervous system and its disorders • Oceanography: study of the earth's oceans and their interlinked ecosystems and chemical and physical processes• Organic Chemistry: the branch of chemistry dedicated to the study of the structures, synthesis, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds • Ornithology: the study of birds • Paleontology: the study of life-forms existing in former geological time periods • Petrology: the geological and chemical study of rocks• Physics: the study of the behavior and properties of matter • Physiology: the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms• Radiology: the branch of medicine dealing with the applications of radiant energy, including x-rays and radioisotopes • Seismology: the study of earthquakes and the movement of waves through the Earth• Taxonomy: the science of classification of animals and plants• Thermodynamics: the physics of energy, heat, work, entropy and the spontaneity of processes • Zoology: the study of animals

Scientific method: A process that is the basis for scientific inquiry (questioning and experimenting).

Observe

Add to background information

Form a new

Hypothesis

Create anexperiment with a control group and

experimental group.

Collect dataAnalyze the data

Support hypothesis

Reject hypothesis

Repeat experiment

Do something With the findings.

Everything in theexperiment should bethe same except for

the independent variable which is the one thing

• Experiments search for cause and effect relationships in nature.

• These changing quantities are called variables.

Variable: Changing quantity of something.---

Independent Variable: The variable you have control over, what you can choose and manipulate.

Dependent: (Observe) What you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment.

“Write down that this one is good.”

Dependent: (Observe) What you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment.

“Write down that this one is good.”

“We should be using units / numbers such as seconds, grams, meters, temperature changes.”

control group- group separated from the rest of the experiment where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results.

experimental group- group being exposed to the independent variable being tested and the changes observed and recorded.

Trials- the number of times an experiment is tested to make sure results are the same

Controlled variable (constants): : (Same) Quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant so it’s a fair test.Same

lightSame Light

Same water

Worms were placed in the experimental group.

Control: (Same) Quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant so it’s a fair test.

Same light

Same Light

Same water

What was the Independent Variable?

Control: (Same) Quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant so it’s a fair test.

Same light

Same Light

Same water

What was the Independent Variable?

Problem Independent Variable (Change)

Dependent Variable(Observe)

Control Variable(Same)

Does fertilizer help a plant to grow

Amount of fertilizer (grams)

Growth of the plant, Height, number of leaves, flowers, etc

Same amount of soil, light, water, space, all the same.

Does fertilizer help a plant to grow?

Controlled Variable(Same)

ControlledVariable(Same)

Problem? Independent Variable (Change)

Do Pillbugs prefer a dark or light environment?

One environment is dark, the other is light

Count the number of Pillbugs that enter dark chamber.

Moisture in both should be the same, temp, no food preference.

ControlledVariable(Same)

Controlled Variable(Same)

Whiteboard practice

• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on his counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the time it takes each one in minutes in her science journal.

• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Control = Same size ice, temperature acts the

same on all of them.

• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the time it takes each one in minutes in her science journal.

• A student wants to find out what minerals melt ice the fastest. So the student places halite, calcite, hematite, and pyrite on equal sized cubes of ice on her counter in the kitchen. The student times how long it takes each mineral to melt completely through the ice cube. She records the minutes it takes for each one to melt in her science journal.

• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants=• Control Group=• Experimental group =Same size ice,

temperature acts the same on all of them.

• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants = Same size ice, temperature acts the

• Problem? = What minerals melt ice quickly?• Independent Variable =Types of Minerals• Dependent Variable = Time in minutes• Constants= Same size ice, temperature acts the

same on all of them.– Everything is the same except for the minerals

• Experimental groups:

ice with mineral on top• Control Group:

ice with no minerals on top

• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The students injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The students records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.

• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leaves,

flowers• Control = Both containers were identical except one

was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).

• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The students records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.

• A student wants to find out how cigarette smoke blown into a small greenhouse of plants damages the plant. The student grows two small plants in separate clear plastic soda bottles. The student injects one with cigarette smoke periodically. Both are watered and given the same light conditions. The student records the height, number of leaves, and flowers of both plants everyday for one month.

• Problem? = Does cigarette smoke damage plants?• Independent Variable = Cigarette Smoke• Dependent Variable = Height of plants, leavflowers• Constants =• Control group= • Experimental group= Both containers were identical

except one was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).

flowers• Constants=Both containers were identical except

one was given cigarette smoke (independent variable).

flowers• Constants = Both containers were identical except

flowers.• Constants = Both containers were identical except

• Experimental group:

plants receiving smoke

• Control Group:

plants receiving no smoke

• A student wants to find out if an egg will crush more easily standing straight-up or on its side. The student creates a chamber that allows weights to be placed on a board that lies on top of the egg. The student places weights in grams on the board with an egg standing straight, and then on its side. The student records the total weight that was on the board when the egg crushed.

• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Control = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same

temp, everything is the same.

• Problem? = What side of the egg is strongest?• Independent Variable = Egg straight or on side.• Dependent Variable = Weights in grams• Constants = Similar brand of egg, similar size, same

• Experimental group :

on its side (experimenter selected)• Control group:

straight up

Observation – Anything you can see, hear, smell, touch, taste, (Using your senses).

Inference: a reasonable conclusion based on your observations

Hypothesis: An educated guess to your problem / question that is testable.

• Activity! (Optional) Times Have Changed.

• Activity Sheet Available, Times have changed, Trials, Average. (Optional)– Variance and Standard Deviation Extension

• Note- The learning today will only partly be about variations in sound.

• Note- The learning today will only partly be about variations in sound.– Learning how to conduct trials is an important

skill that will occur in this activity.

• We must use the scientific method to gather empirical and measurable evidence.

• We must use the scientific method to gather empirical and measurable evidence.– The sample size should be large.

• We must use the scientific method to gather empirical and measurable evidence.– The sample size should be large.– Random sampling techniques should be used.

• We must use the scientific method to gather empirical and measurable evidence.– The sample size should be large.– Random sampling techniques should be used.– All biases should be avoided and poorly

collected data should be thrown out.

• Please create the following spreadsheet.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Trials

Tester

Listener

• Please create the following spreadsheet.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Trials

Tester

Listener

Keep this hidden

• Problem: Can you determine an old penny from a new penny by the sound it makes when dropped?

• Problem: Can you determine an old penny from a new penny by the sound it makes when dropped?– Old = Made before 1982– New = Made after 1982

• Activity! (Optional) Times Have Changed.– Pennies have changed in composition over

the years. (Background Information)• 1793–1857 100% copper• 1857–1864 88% copper, 12% nickel • 1864–1962 bronze (95% copper, 5% tin

and zinc)• 1943 zinc-coated steel • 1944–1946 brass (95% copper, 5% zinc)• 1962–1982 brass (95% copper, 5% zinc)• 1982–present 97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper

• Activity! (Optional) Times Have Changed.– Pennies have changed in composition over

the years. (Background Information)• 1793–1857 100% copper• 1857–1864 88% copper, 12% nickel • 1864–1962 bronze (95% copper, 5% tin

and zinc)• 1943 zinc-coated steel • 1944–1946 brass (95% copper, 5% zinc)• 1962–1982 brass (95% copper, 5% zinc)• 1982–present 97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper

• Make an educated guess called a hypothesis for the problem.– Problem: Can you determine an old penny

from a new penny by the sound it makes when dropped?

• Please drop an old penny and a new penny 15 times each from a height of 30 cm onto a hard surface and listen to the sound it makes.

• Example of tester organizing trials.Tester – Make Random

• Example of tester organizing trials.Tester – Make random order 50/50 old and

Keep hidden from listener

X X X X X

X X X X

• Tester gets results from listener, then switch.

ListenerTester

No PaperworkPaperwork

Tester looks at their order sheet to determine if each drop will be an old or new penny.

ListenerTester

“Dropping Penny”

ListenerTester

“Drop away”

ListenerTester

“Drop away”

ListenerTester

“Drop away”

“Old Penny”

ListenerTester

“Drop away”

“Old Penny”

• Activity! Times Have Changed– Choose a partner for this project that was not

next to you during random order collection.– Keep your random test order hidden from your

new partner / listener.– Listener should keep eyes closed during each

drop and until pennies have been collected.• Old and new pennies look differently.

– Tester and listener must communicate for each drop. Tester says “dropping” and listener says “drop away.” Listener can open eyes when tester says pennies have been collected and mark should mark their guess on the listener spreadsheet.

Eyes are closedfor listener as they can

observe aold penny from a new one

• Problem: Can you determine an old penny from a new penny by the sound it makes when dropped?–Score your own sheet out of 100%

• (10 pts for each correct response) –Gather the entire classes scores to obtain

average / mean.• Add all of the scores and divide by the number of

students to find the mean / average.

– What was the average grade (%)• Do our results answer the problem?

Graphing Line Graphs Used to show data that IS ‐ _______________________________. Points are...

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