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Grass Roots InnovationManagement
Basic Concepts, Definitions and Implications
Prepared and presented by Professor Tim Turpin, Centre forIndustry and Innovation Studies
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Outline of the Lecture
1. Basic concepts and definitions
2. Some examples of innovation in which todiscuss these concepts and illustratehow they can help with managing grass-roots innovation.
3. Ownership (?) of knowledge and what
this might mean .4. S&T Policy5. Project tasks
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But First
The context in which we are concernedwith innovation studies:
what are we concerned with and why? There are policy implications and very
practical implications for producers . Some of the work with which we are engaged
illustrates the implications of innovationstudies.
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Centre for Industry and Innovation Studies
(CInIS)Innovation Policy:
Enhancing Skills RecognitionSystems in ASEAN
ASEAN-AustraliaDevelopmentCooperation Program
SKILLS DEVELOPMENT AND MOBILITY WITHIN ASEAN
(Enhancing Skills Recognition Systems in ASEAN )OECD Study into WorkforceSkills and Innovation
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Centre for Industry and Innovation Studies
(CInIS)
Technology Innovation:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/wherestheid/620778806/http://www.flickr.com/photos/madrarua/719630321/http://www.flickr.com/photos/53674854@N00/138790022/7/27/2019 Grass Roots Innovation UNESCO Tim Turpin
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Search
Strategic
selection Implementation
Innovation strategy
Innovativeorganization
Pro-active linkages
Learning
A typical modal of the innovationprocess
How does this model differ for grass-roots innovation?
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Innovation
A business definition: the introduction of
any new or significantly improved good orservice and/or implementation of any newor significantly improved operationaland/or organisational/managerial process.
So we can have: Product innovation: and/or Process innovation:
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Innovation
Also, there may be: Incremental innovation: which proceeds with small but
progressive changes; or,
Radical innovation: which introduces a totally newproduct or process.
The technology involved may be complex andsophisticated such as in development of thedigital camera, or it may be simple and easilyreproduced, such as a mouse trap.
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What are some of the core features
of grass roots innovation? Knowledge (local and beyond)
Knowing and understanding of problems
Creativity (ideas, play, experimentation) Understanding how creativity and knowledge can be applied
Resources needed for converting ideas and knowledge into application and
problem solving
Application (using, transferring, distributing) Making use of the innovation by self as well as by others.
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I d e a
s
InformationK n o w l e d g e
Innovation Application/Production
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Think about the ideas, information, learning, the problem andthe searching for solutions, the knowledge and the skills thatunderpin this innovation.
Lets consider some practical examplesof grass-roots innovation .
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Some questions from the film
clip What types of knowledge were used here?
What is being transferred: what to where? Can you identify the grass-roots
community? Who might be the potential producers?
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Some Concepts and Definitions
Knowledge: types of knowledge Information: forms of dissemination
Innovation: products and process Knowledge transfer Knowledge communities
Innovation Grass-roots innovation
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People are inherently creative, as they seeknew ways to solve problems and put ideasinto practice. The intensity of effort to thisregard is usually mediated by potential foruse.
A key issue for grass-roots innovation is forsociety more broadly to benefit from grass-
roots innovation. Unfortunately this is usually driven from a top-
down process. Grass-roots innovations seeks to achieve
benefits from the bottom-up.
A General Message
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But
In all cases, for innovation management
some thought needs to be given tomarkets as drivers of innovation.
Sometimes there may be market failureand in these cases there is the need to
think about the role of government andpossible interventions to overcome themarket failure.
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Lets consider a few examples
Table clothes made from pineapple fibre
Sun hats for travelling tourists
Agricultural production in off-shore
locations
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Information and knowledge
Knowledge and information have curious
properties: They can be sold and enter other domains butthey also remain within the domain of the
producer they do not have zero-sumqualities.Knowledge can be defined in a simple wayas a capacity for social action.
Knowledge empowers its possessors with thecapacity for intellectual or physical action.
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Information
Information on the other hand is presented
through structured and formatted data itremans passive until used by those withthe knowledge ti interpret and process it.
The transfer of knowledge takes place
through learning. The transfer of information takes place throughduplication
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Information
Information is knowledge reduced to messages
that can be transmitted and serve to reconstituteknowledge at a later time or place and by adifferent individual or group of individuals.
But not all knowledge can be codified asinformation. Think of a recipe and consider some knowledge that
might not be included in the information.
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Tacit and Codified Knowledge
Tacit knowledge is associated with skills or
know how and ideas; it is embedded inhuman action.
Codified knowledge is explicit, it can bespelled out and is embedded in designs,specifications, technologies and literature.
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9 Knowledge and ideas embedded in machines,
blueprints, instructions, patents and so on. It can bemoved like physical products to new locations and deployed. It can also be adapted and incrementally
developed. But that is part of a process of innovationand also requires tacit knowledge. The more complexthe technology the deeper the skill base required tooperate, service and maximise use of the technology.The status of codified knowledge in a country can bemeasured with indicators such as machinery imports,licensing agreements etc.
Codified knowledge
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The concept of tacit
knowledge:9 Technology has many tacit elements that
require a new user to build skills, knowledge andinstitutional routines. This includes experienceknow-how as well as know-how gained through
formal training. Mastery of these tacit elementsof knowledge is needed everywhere but isparticularly important for developing countries
where enterprises lack the initial base of technical skills on which to graft new technology.
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Individual and collective
knowledge Systems of intellectual property rights (patent,
copyright, design law etc) have provided forindividuals, firms or organisations to beendowed with the legal right to own and exploit
explicit knowledge.
More recently the concept of communityownership has (somewhat problematically)attempted to provide for community ownership of
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Knowledge Communities
An important part of the process of generation,
accumulation, and distribution of economicknowledge is achieved through communitiesacting as a nucleus of competence through the
daily practices of the community (Amin andCohendet, 2004).
Knowledge is reinforced, legitimised, reproducedand transmitted through community action.
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Production processes ?
Lets talk aboutprocesses.
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Handling processes
All of these have the potential tobenefit from innovation
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Innovation Drivers
Firm based innovation strategies
To sell a product or service
Grass-roots innovation strategies To improve a product or a process
In both cases they require some sort of
incentive.
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The Innovation Imperative: some
important questions Is innovation undertaken to solve a
problem (for example to remove coal froma deeper open cut location) or, is itintended to generate profits from the sale
of new products or processes?
Is it core business or is it a productivespin-off, leading to new or differentbusiness?
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Intellectual Property Rights
The core legal framework protects intellectualproperty rights in three main ways:
Patents and trade secret laws serve to protect theowner from unlicensed use of technical information;
Copyright laws protect rights of creative expression; Trademark and design laws protect the use of
symbols signs and shapes in which products orservices are packaged.
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Copying and Adaptation
SMEs in East Java now produce good quality leather-ware. Atone time, they simply copied Western designs. Their employeeswould watch the carousels at the airport, waiting for examples of the latest designs from the most fashionable designers. They
made exact imitations, copying the brand name too. After warnings from the Indonesian government, they changed their
brands so that these merely resembled fashionable brands. They
have now begun to adapt the designs as well, and with change indesign, they have also begun to use their own brand names..
For development, copying is a creative, innovative and useful process
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9 National S&T policy is about knowledgeand how to capture the benefits of knowledge - local and global - for nationalbenefit.
9 S&T policy is not just concerned withhigh-tech it is concerned with deepeningthe knowledge base in all sectors old and
new.
What is S&T Policy?
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Who are the users?
And who are the potential producers?
Lets have a look at two examples.
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A project Task (1)
1. Consider the innovation described in the
two clips. Describe the nature of theproblem and the process that led to theinnovative outcome.
2. Who were the various interest groups
that might have been involved. Who arethe potential users? Who might be somepotential producers?
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A project Task (2)
3. What sorts of knowledge and information
were required to create the innovations.4. Does the market stimulate a demand for
such innovations?5. If there is a market failure how mightpolicy intervention replace the market inthis sort of case?
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A project Task (3)
6. You are a government official responsible forinnovation in this area. What informationwould you need to design a policy that wouldencourage these sorts of innovations?
7. What might be some of the key features of aninnovation management strategy that seeks to
raise knowledge, provide access to informationand promote commercialisation/ application of these sorts of new processes or products?