Green infrastructure, ecosystem services and biodiversity...

transcript

Green infrastructure, ecosystem services and biodiversity in urban

Dr. Ryo Kohsaka, Professor

Tohoku Univ.Graduate School of Environmental Studies

Visiting Researcher at United Nations University IAS

Advisor to COP10 Promotion Committee (until 2011 March)

Introduction My life and your country

Introduction

Prof. Ryo KohsakaEMPLOYMENT RECORD• 2016 - Professor at Graduate School of Environmental Studies,

Tohoku University• 2012 -2016 Associate Professor at Graduate School of Human and Socio-

Environment Studies, Kanazawa University• 2008 -2012 Associate Professor, Economics, Nagoya City University• 2006 -2008 Officer in Forest Biodiversity at the SCBD• 2004 -2006 Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of Tokyo, Tokyo Japan • 1997 -1998 Project Officer at the Regional Environmental Centre for

Central and Eastern Europe (REC) Hungary. Honoured as Life Fellow. EDUCATION• 2000 -2004 Ph.D. Univ. Freiburg, Germany• 1998-1999 M.Sc. in Environment and Development, University of East

Anglia • 1994 -1998 B.Sc. in Rural Dev., Agricultural Faculty, University of Tokyo

Green infrastructures

Definition of Green Infrastructure in Japanese National Spatial Planning

• Green Infrastructure perform various functions of the natural environment(provision of a place of inhabitation and growth of living organism, formation of landscape, suppression of temperature rise, etc.) in terms of both hard and software including infrastructure development, land use to promote sustainable development of regions and communities.

Eco-DRR

Performing a function

Performing multi functions

Flexible adaptation to uncertainty

Reduction of environmental impact

Short term regional economic effects

Long term regional economic effects

Function EcologicalArtificial

Eco-DRR

Function

Artificial infrastructure

Green infrastructure

Igune forest

Other Definition of Green Infrastructure (GI)

• European Commission(EC): Strategically planned network which links highly valuable nature, semi-natural areas with the environmental other factors of the area, and is managed and planed to provide a wide range of ecosystem services and preserve biodiversity in both urban and rural areas.

• United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA): GI that utilize processes of vegetation, soil and nature for the water management and the creation of a healthy urban environment.

Trends in Japan• September, 2012 : Referring to green infrastructure in biodiversity strategy 2012-2020

• September, 2014 : The Japan Society of Science presented the recommendation "Recommendation of utilization of ecosystem infrastructure"

• August, 2015 : National Spatial Plan / National Land Use Plan, September : Green Infrastructure has been clearly stated in the 4th Social Capital Development Plan

• November, 2015 : Resilience Promotion Council: Green Resilience Working Group

• May, 2016 : The National Resilience Action 2016 was adopted and Eco-DDR is regarded as the upper umbrella

• July, 2016 : The National Land Management Council, Land Management Group, discussed national land management and green infrastructure

• March, 2017 : National Spatial Planning and Regional Policy Bureau issued a guide book on the management

International trends• May, 2013 : European Commission adopted Green Infrastructure

strategy

• October, 2014 : XII / 20 at the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 12)

• March, 2015 : Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction

• September, 2015 : Workshop on Convention on Biological Diversity, EbA and Eco-DRR

• October, 2015 : US Presidential Directive on Natural Infrastructure and Ecosystem Services

• December, 2015 : Conference of Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 21) Paris Agreement

出典：黒沢高秀(2016)「津波被災地で行われている復旧・復興事業と保全」,日本生態学会編,生態学が語る東日本大震災,文一総合出版，164-171.

Bay of

Matsukawa

Road used for revetment

management Conservation area

Disaster prevention

forest introduction area

Disaster prevention forest

Construction area

Advantages and disadvantages of disaster forest planning

・Marshland landfill and filling required

・Genetic contamination occurred

when planting trees

Disadvantages

Biodiversity can be secured by

devising plans

AdvantagesTide ridge in Sendai city

2017.1.31

Allocation of green infrastructure

●Sendai station

→Managements of Green infrastructure

Continuity from rural to urban districts Green space networks

Managements of Green Infrastructure

River management

Example:

Evaluation based on the check points of river managements

Forest management

Roles of forestsland management, timber production

→ multi functions

Different perceptionsdestruction of nature・less managed→ biodiversity・CO2 storage

Aging and green infrastructure

Socio-ecological GIS data

• Population density

• Aging rate

• Forest lands

Shizuoka

Yokohama

Osaka Nagoya

Sapporo

Fukuoka Kobe KawasakiKyoto

Saitama

Hiroshima

Sendai

ChibaKitakyushu

Niigata

HamamatsuKumamoto

Sagamihara

Okayama

Research site: Sendai(Ordinance-designated city)

(1975)(1km grid square)

Population density

(1985)

Population density

(1km grid square)

(1995)

Population density

(1km grid square)

(2005)

Population density

(1km grid square)

(1975)

Ratio over 65 years old

(1985)

(1995)

(2005)

(2006)(1997)

(1987)

(1976)

Forest land

(2006)(1997)

(1987)

Forest land

(2006)

(1997)

Forest land

(2006)

Ratios over 65 years old and Forest land within 2km radius from centers of individual 1km-grids (1975-2005)

0 20 40 60 80

(2005)(1995)

(1985)(1975)

(Ratio over 65 years old) (%) (Ratio over 65 years old) (%)

High aging rates and High rates of forest land

Aging in forest lands in urban municipality

Issues in Green Infrastructure Managements

• Aging in areas with high rate of forest lands

• Appropriate managements are necessary in shrinking society with aging and depopulation

Forest management areas and the rate of population over 65

• Positive correlation of management areas by the forest environmental tax with the rate of population over 65

y = 0.1347x - 1.2192

R² = 0.3908

10 20 30 40 50

tal ta

x （％

Rate of population over 65 (%) (unit: municipality)

Amendment of Act on Special Measures concerning Urban Reconstruction (2014)

Compact city policy

Urban Facility Location Plan

Urbanization control areas

Urbanization promotion areas

Residential zone

Urban core zone

Thank you !

RyoKohsaka:

kikori36@gmail.com

Facebook

https://www.facebook.com/kohsaka.jp

Science Policy Interface

What is science-policy interface ？

‘‘as social processes which encompass relations

between scientists and other actors in the policy process,

and which allow for exchanges, co-evolution, and joint

construction of knowledge with the aim of enriching

decision-making”

Koetz, T., Bridgewater, P., van den Hove, S., Siebenhüner, B.

(2008) The role of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and

Technological Advice to the Convention on Biological Diversity as

science-policy interface. Environmental Science and Policy 2: 505-

Development indicators

Example) MEA Framework

Direct

Drivers

Indirect

Drivers

Ecosystem

Services

Well-being

Direct Drivers of Change Changes in land use Species introduction or removal Technology adaptation and use External inputs (e.g., irrigation) Resource consumption Climate change Natural physical and biological drivers

(e.g., volcanoes)

Indirect Drivers of Change (governance and

institutionaDemographic Economic (globalization, trade,

market and policy framework) Sociopolitical l framework) Science and Technology Cultural and Religious

Human Well-being and

Poverty Reduction Basic material for a good life Health Good Social Relations Security Freedom of choice and action

IPBES’s Analytical conceptual framework

MAFF, MLIT (2015)

Biodiversity conservation activitiesby using green infrastructure

Utilization of indicators

City Biodiversity Index

indicators Content

(i)Native biodiversity Kinds of biodiversity exist in urban areas

(ii)Ecosystem Service Importance of biodiversity in terms of ecosystem services

(iii)Governance and Management

Management methods for monitoring present situation and policy making

23 indicators

City Biodiversity Index (CBI):

• Current state of CBI (SI)：

Blue：applied by local governments（25）、Red：applied by academics（14）、Green：in process of applying（10）⇒Application of CBI is not increasing enough to establish the global platform.

International networks

Green infrastructure, ecosystem services and biodiversity...

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