Post on 10-Apr-2018
transcript
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Tunguska
Volga
Danube
LakeVolta
WhiteVolta
LakeAlbert
LakeVictoria
LakeTanganyika
Lake Tana
Nile
Lake Nasser
Lake Edward
Lake Kivu
LakeTurkana
Lake Mweru
Lake Malawi
Lake KaribaOkavango
Lake Chad
Tajo
Vänern
Vättern
Lake Ladoga
Lake Onega
Lake RybinskLake Peipus
Lake Kuybyshev
Aral Sea
Lake Balqash
Issyk Kul
Lake Eyre
LakeTiticaca
Coco
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario
Lake Huron
Lake Michigan
Lake Superior
Lake Nipigon
Lake Winnipeg
Lake Althabasca
Great Slave Lake
Great Bear Lake
Lomé
Aras
Ganges
Irtysh
Lake Baikal
Lake Taymyr
Sanaga
Kasai
Tuloma
Angara
Kemijoki
Maas
Great Salt Lake
Sev.
Ayeyarwady
Chao
Phraya
Chang Jiang
Jiang
Chang
Chang Jiang
Pilcomayo
Desaguadero
Orange
Orange
Webi Shabeelle
Ufa
Leon
Agra
Zibo
Wuxi
Lima
Suva
Dili
Cali
Kano Aden
Sana
Pune
Doha
Xian
Baku
Rome
Lyon
Kiev
Omsk
Perm
Oslo
Nome
UlsanKaraj
Surat
Taian
LinyiTaegu
Seoul
Pusan
Perth
Natal
Belem
Quito
Medan
AccraLagos
Davao
Dakar
HanoiMecca
DhakaAswan
Dubai PatnaMiami
TampaDelhi
LhasaCairo
Wuhan
Amman
RabatKabul
Osaka
KyotoTokyo
Jinan
Tunis Adana
Bursa
Jilin
TurinMilan
Odesa
Paris
Lille
Minsk
Kazan
Thule
Putian
Fuyang
Suzhou
YantaiAthens
Samara
Noumea
Taipei
Multan
Meerut
Indore
XuzhouSuzhou
Ningbo
Anadyr
Jeddah
Baotou
Tehran
Vienna
Bogota
Sofiya
Hobart
Sydney
Durban
Maseru
Maputo
Harare
CairnsLa Paz
Cuiaba Lusaka
Darwin
Maceio
Luanda
Recife
Manaus
Kigali
DoualaBangui
KumasiIbadan
Panama
Kaduna
BamakoChennai
Niamey
Manila
Asmara
Puebla MumbaiToluca
Merida Nagpur
KhulnaHavana
Muscat
Riyadh
Murzuq FuzhouKanpur
Jaipur
Kuwait
ShirazAustin Lahore
Dallas
Beirut
AleppoTaejon
TabrizSendai
LisbonDalian
Denver
AnkaraMadrid
Naples
BostonAlmaty
Urumqi
Ottawa Harbin
Quebec
Munich
Prague
London WarsawBerlin
Dublin
Moscow
Juneau
Huainan
Torreon
Tijuana
DhanbadAsansol
Wenzhou
Shantou
Huludao
Kwangju
Ushuaia
RosarioCordoba
Vitoria
Goiania
Honiara
Bandung
JakartaKananga
Iquitos
Nairobi
Kampala
Yaounde
Cayenne
Abidjan
Colombo
Conakry
MaduraiMaracay Caracas
Managua
Bangkok
Yangon
Nanning
Karachi
KunmingGuiyang
Thimphu
Tindouf
Houston Chengdu
Nanjing
EsfahanTripoli Baghdad
Phoenix FukuokaAtlanta
Memphis
LanzhouQingdao
MashhadAlgiers Incheon
TaiyuanSmyrana Tianjin
BeijingYerevan
Chicago
Detroit
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Seattle
Kharkiv
Calgary
Irkutsk
Hamburg
Magadan
Yakutsk
Godthab
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Makassar
Vadodara
Ludhiana
Jabalpur
Dongguan
Campinas
Kinshasa
Monrovia
Brussels
AucklandCanberra
AdelaideSantiago
Brisbane
PretoriaCuritiba
Asuncion
Gaborone
Windhoek
Brasilia
LilongweSalvador
Surabaja
Medellin
San JoseValencia
Ndjamena
KhartoumTimbuktu
Belmopan
San Juan
Haiphong
Honolulu Kolkata
Varanasi
ChangshaNanchang
Hangzhou
AmritsarBenghazi
DamascusPeshawar
Srinagar
San Jose
AshgabatDushanbe
Columbus New York
IstanbulTashkentT'Bilisi
Shenyang
Belgrade
PortlandMontreal
Budapest
Winnipeg
Edmonton
Helsinki
Murmansk
Changzhou
Las Vegas
Faridabad
Allahabad
Zaozhuang
Hong Kong
Goose Bay
Stockholm
Anchorage
Reykjavik
Jerusalem
Singapore
Melbourne
Cape Town
Sao Paulo
Fortaleza PalembangGuayaquil
KisanganiMogadishu
Maracaibo
Bangalore
Guatemala
HyderabadVientiane
Ahmadabad Guangzhou
T'aichungAbu DhabiMonterrey
KathmanduChongqing
San Diego
HiroshimaZhengzhou
Al Mawsil
St. LouisPyongyangBaltimore
BarcelonaCleveland
Milwaukee Marseille
ChangchunBucharest
Astrakhan
Volgograd
Vancouver
Rotterdam
Churchill
Gujranwala
Vijayawada
Jamshedpur
Coimbatore
Aurangabad
Libreville
Nouakchott
Copenhagen
Montevideo
Lubumbashi
ParamariboBenin City
Georgetown
Phnom Penh
ChittagongKaoshsiung
Alexandria Faisalabad
CasablancaRawalpindi
SacramentoCincinnati
Pittsburgh
Providence
Khabarovsk
Birmingham
Arkangelsk
Antofagasta
Livingstone
Brazzaville
Bucaramanga
Addis Ababa
Ouagadougou
Tegucigalpa
Mexico City
Guadalajara
Tamanrasset
San AntonioNew Orleans
Los Angeles
Kansas City
Vladivostok
Minneapolis
Ulaanbaatar
NovosibirskChelyabinsk
Buenos Aires
Port Moresby
Christchurch
Porto Alegre
Johannesburg
Antananarivo
Kuala Lumpur
Barquisimeto
Barranquilla
San Salvador
Shijiazhuang
IndianapolisPhiladelphia
Ekaterinburg
Ciudad Juarez
Alice Springs
Dar es Salaam
Santo Domingo
Tel Aviv-Yafo
San Francisco
Rostov-on-Don
Rio de Janeiro
Belo Horizonte
Vishakhapatnam
Port-au-Prince
Nizhny Novgorod
Washington D.C.
Dnipropetrovs'k
Ho Chi Minh City
Saint Petersburg
Santa Cruz de La Sierra
Petropavloski-Kamchatskiy
Bhopal
Nagoya
Lucknow
Shanghai
Tangshan
Hyderabad
Amsterdam
Copper Creek
Juruend a
Warrego
WhiteNi le
Amazonas
Kuskokwim
Yenisey
Gascoyne
Dulce
Murchison
Georgina
KolymaYukon
Mamo re
Parana
Vilyuy
Ashburton
Blue
Podkamennaya
Yenisey
Iriri
Madeira
St.Law
rence
Kura
Sao Francisco
Victoria
Araguaia
Ontario Lake
Maranon
Rio
Caroni
Anadyr
HuronLake
Miss
issippi
Missour
i
Shilka
Pechora
Orinoco
Branco
Yukon
Kotuy
Ob
Mitchell
Ni le
Chari
O ka
Guaviare
Yenisey
Putumayo
Syr Darya
Negro
Congo
Tobol
Gree
n
Para guay
Fraser
Ballone
Parnaiba
Lugend
a
Lomami
Sa lween
Volga
Indus
ErieLake
Caqueta
Ohio
Jurua
Diam
antina
RhoneSn
ake
Sung
ai Kajan
BaykalLake
Chindwin
Dallol Bo sso
Platte
Darlin
g
Gloma
Rhine
Tocanti ns
Xi ngu
Colorado
Omolon
Dnist er
Daugava
Irtysh
Sepik
Ob
Ili
Euphrates
Sacramento
Saskatchewan
Tapajos
Ord
Karkheh
Severn
Porcupi
ne
Congo
Thelon
Sava
Ussuri
Murray
Arkansas
Thlewiaza
Amur
Tisza
Dn i
pro
Godavari
Albany
Angara
Negro2
Rajang
Kalixaelven
Uwimbu
Argun
Conch
os
Xiliao He
Churchill
Vaal
Paranaiba
Batang Kuantan
Huallaga
Fortescue
Purus
Uruguay
Yalong Jiang
Chubut
Han Shui
Kafue
Alabam
a
Kama
Chulym
Onon
Cunene
Wu
Colorado
Shu
Wisla
Parana
Gris
alva
Kas ai
Maranon
AmuDary a
Solo
Nizhnyaya Tunguska
Odra
Tocantins
Back
u
Cauvery
Mahanadi
Huang He
Lena
Bandama
WhiteNile
Comoe
Colorado
Red
Pyasina
Fitzroy
Vitim
Upper Lake
Indigirka
Volga
Ogooue
Hongshui
Benue
Neva
Tone
Bravo
Angerman
Magdalena
Teles Pires
Columbia
Amur
Olenek
Indu
s
Nile
Missouri
Atbara
Neman
Lena
Guapore
Loire
Bhima
Seine
Saskatchew
an
Liard
Euphrates
Stewart
Colum
bia
Ganga
Krishna
Trent
Br
antas
Mekong
Sutlej
MichiganLa
ke
Zambezi Sh
ire
Clutha
Tennessee
Congo
Mackenzie
Amur
Chena
b
Mississippi
Be ni
Niger
Zeya
Ural
Sungai Ka
puas
Selenga
Oka
Oelfusa
Douro
Po
Lule
Narmada
Guadiana
Oti
Cuanza
Nelson
Sungai Mahakam
Ob
Meta
Eastmain
Batang Hari
Ebro
Niger
Kazan
Kwango
Peace
Mekong
Yaqui
Kizil
imak
Yukon
Olekma
Uele
Ghaghara
Kuban
Elbe
Prut
Brahmaputra
Senegal
Ishim
Brazos
Bug
Aldan
Limpopo
Dvina
Rhine
Krishna
Flinders
Essequibo
Yana
Ucayali
Taz
Bla ck
Volta
Athabasca
SaoFrancis co
Volga
Zeya
Webi Jubba
Danube
Orinoco
Don
Oubangui
Tigris
Red
Cham
bal
Saskatche
wan
Yarkant
Drava
Kamchatka
Yellow
stone
Murray
Zambezi
Grande Riviere
Cuando
Dni pr o
Lena
Huang
He
Hong
Gambia
Tigris
Grea
t Ruaha
Lachla
n
Salado
major river basin land area with minor or inactive river basins
Sources:Basins selected, derived and adjusted byGlobal Runoff Data Centre (GRDC), Koblenz 2007,based on HYDRO1K by USGS;Mean river discharge calculated with WaterGAP 2.1,Universities of Frankfurt and Kassel 2007;Rivers and lakes by GRDC &WHYMAP 2007
Scale 1 : 120 000 000
Mean Annual Precipitation (1961 - 1990)
River Basins and Mean Annual River Discharge (1961 - 1990)
Scale 1 : 120 000 000
Source:Gridded Precipitation Normals Data Set,Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC),Offenbach 2007
Scale 1 : 120 000 000
Source:Gridded Population of theWorld (GWP), Version 3Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN),Columbia University; United Nations Food and Agriculture Programme (FAO) &Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), 2005
Scale 1 : 120 000 000
Sources:Mean groundwater recharge calculated with WaterGAP 2.1,Universities of Frankfurt & Kassel 2007;Population data based on GPWv3,Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) 2005
Groundwater Recharge (1961 - 1990) per Capita (2000)
Population Density (2000)
Groundwater Resources of the World
Legend
Special groundwater features
GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF THE WORLD 1 : 25 000 000
www.whymap.org
selected wetland, mostly groundwater related
Geography and Climate
selected city
country boundary
boundary of continuous permafrost
!
selected city,partly dependent on groundwater
!+
area of saline groundwater (> 5 g/l Total Dissolved Solids (TDS))
natural groundwater discharge area in arid regions
area of heavy groundwater abstraction with over-exploitation
area of groundwater mining
K
Surface water
continuous ice sheet
large freshwater lake
large saltwater lake
major river
180°160° e. G.140°120°100°80°60°40°20°0°20°40°60°80°100°120°140°160° w. G.
Tropic of Cancer
80°
60°
20°
Tropic of Capricorn
0°
20°
Equator
40°
60°
80°
O C E A N
P A C I F I C
O C E A N
I N D I A N
O C E A N
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
P A C I F I C
40°
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
© BGR Hannover / UNESCO Paris 2008. All rights reserved.Scale 1 : 25 000 000
Mean river discharge in km3/a
0 - 5
5 - 10
10 - 50
50 - 100
100 - 500
500 - 800
800 - 1200
1200 -2000
2000 - 3000
> 3000
80°
60°
40°
20°
0°
20°
40°
60°
80°
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Equator
I
Disclaimer
The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of the WHYMAP Consortium concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or areaor of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.This map was derived and compiled from disparate sources of information. The WHYMAP Consortium gives nowarranty, expressed or implied, to the quality or accuracy of the information supplied and accepts no liabilitywhatever in respect of loss, damage, injury or other occurences however caused.
extracted from:World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme (WHYMAP)
Gu l fo f Gu i nea
A r a b i a nS e a
B a yo f B e n g a l
RedSea
S o u t h
C h i n a
S e a
E a s t
C h i n a
S e a
Ye l l owSea
S e a o f
J a p a n
S e a o f
O k h o t s k
B e r i n g S e a
E a s t S i b i r i e n S e a
L a p t e v S e aK a r a S e a
B a r e n t s S e a
Baltic
N o r t hS e a
Sea
Black Sea
Med i t e r r a n ean
Sea
B a f f i nB a y
H u d s o n
B a y
Be r i n gSea Gu l f
o f A l a s k a
G u l f o f M e x i c o
C a r i b b e a n S e a
S c o t i a S e a
W e d d e l l S e a
T a s m a n S e a
February 2008
Population in persons/km2
0 5 25 250 1000 no data
Under the auspices of
UNESCO / IHPUNESCO / IGCPBGRCGMWIAEAIAH
Andras Szöllösi-Nagy and Alice AureliRobert MissottenHans-Joachim Kümpel and Wilhelm StruckmeierJean-Paul Cadet and Philippe RossiPradeep Aggarwal and Andy GarnerStephen Foster and Jiri Krasny
Cartographical editing / GIS
BGR Uta Philipp, Andrea Richts
Casp ian
Sea
Prepared by
Wilhelm Struckmeier and Andrea Richts (Chief Editors),Ian Acworth, Giuseppe Arduino, Emilia Bocanegra, Philip Commander,William Cunningham, Petra Döll, Abdallah Droubi, Nelson da Franca,Wilfried Gilbrich, Jan Girman, Jac van der Gun, Jean Margat,Dominique Poitrinal, Shaminder Puri, Alfonso Rivera,Mohamed Safar-Zitoun, Slavek Vasak, Jaroslav Vrba, Peter Winter,Markus Zaepke, Han Zaisheng and Igor Zektser
Bi
B
Map projection
Robinson projection, longitude of central meridian 11°E,spheroid WGS84, geographic coordinates
country boundary
Groundwater recharge in m3/person*a
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Within the past decades the interest in groundwater increased considerably due to water shortage problems on local,regional and even global levels. In order to support the sustainable management of groundwater resources, it isnecessary to map, model and quantify the stored volume and the average annual replenishment and to determine thechemical quality of groundwater. Therefore, the World-wide Hydrogeological Mapping and Assessment Programme(WHYMAP) was created in 1999 in order to contribute to the world-wide efforts to better manage the Earth's waterresources including groundwater.WHYMAP is a joint programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO),the Commission for the Geological Map of the World (CGMW), the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH),the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and NaturalResources (BGR).It aims at collecting, compiling and visualising hydrogeological information at a global scale, to convey groundwaterrelated information in an appropriate way for the global discussion on water issues and to give recognition to invisibleunderground water resources. WHYMAP brings together the huge efforts in hydrogeological mapping, at regional,national and continental levels. BGR, together with the partners above, is gradually building up a geo-informationsystem (WHYMAP GIS) in which the groundwater data are managed and visualised.
This final draft of the Groundwater Resources Map of the World at the scale of 1 : 25 000 000 is a result of WHYMAPand lumps the related data known or published so far. It shows various characteristic groundwater environments intheir areal extent: blue colour is used for large and rather uniform groundwater basins (aquifers and aquifer systemsusually in large sedimentary basins that may offer good conditions for groundwater exploitation), green colour areashave complex hydrogeological structure (with highly productive aquifers in heterogeneous folded or faulted regions inclose vicinity to non-aquifers), and brown colour symbolises regions with limited groundwater resources in local andshallow aquifers.Within the three main hydrogeological units up to five different categories are defined according to their potentialrecharge rates from over 300 mm to less than 2 mm per year ranking from dark blue, green and brown coloursrepresenting areas with very high recharge rates to light blue, green and brown colours outlining regions with verylow recharge potential. The latter category is vulnerable to groundwater mining. Groundwater recharge rates refer tothe period 1961 - 1990 and are derived from simulations with the global hydrological model WaterGAP, version 2.1fby the University of Frankfurt, Germany (Doell et al., 2006).Aspects of hydrodynamic conditions are addressed by outlining major groundwater flow directions as well as areas ofgroundwater discharge in arid zones (e.g. endorheic basins or chotts and sebkhas).
Rising demands from population growth and food production are calling for a closer look at the use of groundwater.Therefore, areas of heavy groundwater abstraction prone to over-exploitation and areas of groundwater mining aremapped, where known. Cities shown on the map (mostly those with more than 1 million inhabitants in 2005 accordingto UNEP) known to be largely dependent on groundwater (if groundwater represents more than 25 % of the totalwater consumption) have been identified by a special symbol.Groundwater quality is an important issue for the use of groundwater such as drinking water supply and irrigated foodproduction. Areas where salinity of the groundwater regionally exceeds 5 g/l are highlighted by orange hatching.Groundwater resources frequently assure important wetland ecosystems. Therefore, wetlands which are larger than500 hectares in size and which are supposed to be groundwater related have been abstracted from the existing database listing wetlands according to the RAMSAR convention (www.wetlands.org/rsis).
The global Groundwater Resources Map contains only selected information related to groundwater. For reasons ofclarity and readability important complementary information has been deferred to a set of four insert maps at thescale of 1 : 120 000 000 (see left). These thematic maps highlight the issues "Mean Annual Precipitation", "RiverBasins and Mean Annual River Discharge", "Population Density" and "Groundwater Recharge per Capita".Comparison between the main Groundwater Resources Map and the four thematic small-scale maps should help tounderstand the global picture of groundwater and surface water resources and provide insight to their pressures, inparticular the priority use for drinking purposes. It reveals essential geographic differences over the globe in thedistribution and amount of rainfall, the overwhelming input factor for both, surface water flow and groundwaterreplenishment. The latter is mirrored in the main map by various colour tones. The rainfall map is based on data ofthe Global Precipitation and Climate Centre (GPCC) in Offenbach, Germany. To highlight the surface water situation,a map of major active water basins (surface water catchment areas) has been provided by the Global Runoff DataCentre (GRDC) in Koblenz, Germany. In addition, the surface water courses and lakes have been classifiedaccording to their mean annual discharge. It contrasts with the main map, particularly in the dry regions of the world,where fortunately some of the biggest aquifer systems are located. Population density also varies greatly on earthand is a key factor for the broad variation of water demand on the continents. Using this information together with theamount of groundwater recharge modelled by Doell et al. (2006) provides categories of mean annual groundwaterrecharge per capita. On this map, countries covering large area have been subdivided into individual sub-regionsor states, if this was appropriate or known, to highlight the regional variation.Further information will be provided in a corresponding explanatory booklet which will be published soon.See also: www.whymap.org
WHYMAP and the Groundwater Resources Map of the World 1 : 25 000 000
Groundwater resources
in major groundwater basins
in areas withcomplex hydrogeological structure
in areas with local and shallow aquifers
groundwater recharge (mm/a)
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Topographic base map
CGMW / UNESCO (2000):U.N. (2006):ESRI (2006):USGS (2003):GRDC (2007):
modified by BGR (2007/2008)
Geological Map of the World 1 : 25 000 000, 2nd editionCartographic DataData & MapsGlobal GISRivers & Lakes