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Growing cactus pear O. ficus-indica (L.) Mill.
The contribution of the scientific research on
plant ecophysiology and biology
Inglese P., Liguori G.
VIIth International Congress on Cactus Pear and Cochineal
Dipartimento di Colture Arboree, University of Palermo
Agadir, Morocco – October 17-22, 2010
In 1993, when the CACTUSNET was created, international cooperation among Scientists working on cacti was nihil.
Scientific information delivered to growers was not consistent and updated.
Many questions have been addressed concerning all major aspects related to fruit production and quality.
VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Numbers for cactus Research in the last 20 years
360 papers in the ISI web of science (1990-2010).
573 citations for “Opuntia ficus-indica” in the CAB (2000-2010).
192 papers published in the Acta forCactus Pear & Cochineal Symposia, since 1992).
432 Authors in Acta, 1992-2007.VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
.
Numbers for cactus Research in the last 20 years (Symposia)
Papers Authors
Chile 28 37
S. Africa 23 46
Tunisia 40 91
Mexico 42 80
Brazil 59 178
VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Genetic Resources:
genotype identification and description;
morphological and biological analysis worlwide;
genotype characterization (from isoezymes to microarrays and DNA analysis);
breeding;
germplasm collections.
MAJOR INNOVATIONS:
VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Orchard lay out and management:
orchard planting and lay-out;
tree pruning;
LAI measurement;
plant nutrition and fertilization;
water requirement and irrigation management;
orchard floor management.
MAJOR INNOVATIONS:
VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Planting Density
Sicily: 4 m in the row and 6 m between the rows
416 plants/hectares (22 ton/ha)
Mexico: 2 m in the row and 4 m between the rows
1250 plants/hectares (20 ton/ha)
Israel: 1.5 m in the row and 4 m between the
rows 1600 plants/hectares (21 ton/ha)
MAJOR INNOVATIONS:
Reproductive biology:
reflowering potential;
environmental factors affecting reproductive potential;
plant architercture and reproductive sites;
biennial bearing;
variability of fruit yield.
VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Relative cladode contribution to plant yield in relation to its
fertility
Number of fruit per cladode2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Perc
ent a
geof
t ot a
l pl a
ntyi
eld
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Number of fertile cladodes needed to get a crop yield of 20 t ha-1, given 6 fruits (120 g) per
cladode, in relation to orchard density.
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Number of plantsper hectare
Num
ber
of
f ert
ile
cladodes
per
pl a
nt
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-. VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Cladode dry weight in excess of the minimum dry weight for its surface area vs number of fruits on
that cladode.
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Relationship between fruit weight and n° of fruit per tree in O. ficus-indica trees, cultivar Gialla.
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Carbon flux in cladode of O. ficus-indica with and without fruit, during fruit growth
Carbon budget (%)-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Num
ber o
ffru
i tpe
r cla
d ode
0
5
10
15
ExportImport
0-15 days after bloom
15-30 30-4545-6060-75
fruitless cladode
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Fig.2 - Growing Degree Hours accumulation from spring burst to fruit harvest, at S. Margherita Belice, 37°44' Lat N.
Time of the year (Julian days)
90120150180210240270300330360
Thermal time (GDH x 103 )
20
40
60
80
100
120
spring burst
2nd flush bloom
1st flush bloom
1st flush harvest
2nd flush harvest
Fig.3 - Seasonal pattern of fresh weight accumulation for fruit of O. ficus-indica, of the spring flush and the second flush induced through the spring flush removal.
Time of the year (Julian days)
120150180210240270300
Fruit fresh weight (g)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1st fluh2nd flush
GROWTH OF SUMMER AND LATE RIPENING FRUITS
Relationship between cladode natural fertility and its reflowering aptitude O. ficus-indica
Number of flowers per cladode0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Ref
low
eri n
gI n
dex
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
Evolution of GA3 content in flowers ofO. ficus-indica at different bloom stages
( ng
kg-1
fw)
0
50
100
150
200
250
Pre bloom Full bloom Post bloom
Emasculated
Treated with PPP333
Flower unremoved
MAJOR INNOVATIONS:
Fruit characteristics:
fruit growth and ripening pattern;
fruit ripening period (out-of-season crop);
fruit harvest and qualty index;
fruit quality parameters;
fruit nutraceutical potential;
fruit minimal processing;
post harvest physiology and management.
VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
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Weight
(g)
TSS
(% Brix)
Percent
Flesh
(%)
pH Titratable
Acidity
(% NaOH)
Height/
Width
Site ** ** ns ns ns *
Cultivar ** ns ns ns ns ns
Altitude ** ** ns ns ns **
Site x
Cultivar
ns ns ns ns ns ns
*=significant at p<0.05; **=significant at p<0.01; ns=non significant (Tukey’s test).
Analysis of variance of quality parameters of O. ficus-indica fruits, cultivar Gialla and Rossa, coming from
three different growing sites, in Sicily.
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-. VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress – Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Variability of fruit fresh weight and TSSC in five 8-years-old Opuntia ficus-indica trees,
cultivar Gialla.
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-. VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Relationship between average fruit weight and number of fruit per tree in five 8-years-old Opuntia ficus-indica trees, cultivar Gialla.
Relationship between total soluble solidcontent (TSSC) and cladode crop load
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Relationship between average fruit fresh weight and number of fruits per cladode in five 8-years-
old Opuntia ficus-indica trees, cultivar Gialla.
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
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Fruit
parameters
Canopy site
Bottom (0-1 m)
PAR = 15 mol m-2
day-1
Middle (1-2 m)
PAR = 18 mol m-2
day-1
Top (2-3 m)
PAR = 22 mol m-2
day-1
Fruit weight (g) 127.0 a 139.5 b 146.6 c
TSSC* (° Brix) 14.9 ns 15.0 57.0
Percent flesh (%)
55.1 ns 56.3 56.1
Quality parameters for O. ficus-indica, cv Gialla fruits, in relation to canopy site and intercepted Photosynthetic Active Radiation(PAR)
TSSC= Total Soluble Solids Content. Different letters indicate significant differences and ns = not significant differences within the row at p=0.05 (Tukey’s test).
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Ecophysiology and environmental aspects:
environmental aspects of plant and fruit growth;
Carbon balance at cladode, plant and orchard level;
Plant response to global change;
organic production.
MAJOR INNOVATIONS:
VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Vegatative flush Flowers and Fruit (kg dm)
Current-year-cladodes (kg dm)
Mean ± SE Mean ± SE
I 3,06 0,64 3,75 0,13
II 6,34 0,25 12,20 0,70
TOTAL 9,40 0,34 15,95 0,76
Dry matter cumulated in one year in a 8-year-old cactus pear tree
1-year-old 2-year-old >2-year-old Total
Mean ±SE Mean ± SE Mean ± SE Mean ± SE
Whole tree (kg dm)
26,06 3,20 5,86 0,34 2,85 0,27 34,73 3,13
Single cladode (g dm)
150,21 13,2 60,13 5,54 8,14 7,82 50,12 4,31
Secondary growth of 1-year-, 2-year- and >2-year-old cladodes
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
Mean ± SE
(kg tree-1) 58,7 6,0
(t ha-1) 16,2 1,7
Seasonal dry matter accumulation
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
VI Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
SAI Current-year 1-year-old 2-year-old >2-year-old Total
mean ± SE mean ± SE mean ± SE mean ± SE mean ± SE
tree 1,70 0,3 1,3 0,2 0,74 0,1 2,89 0,3 6,63 0,5
orchard 0,95 0,1 0,73 0,1 0,42 0,1 1,62 0,2 3,72 0,3
Stem Area Index (SAI)
Surface area Current-year 1-year-old 2-year-old >2-year-old
mean ± SE mean ± SE mean ± SE Mean ± SE
tree (m2) 33,4 5,1 25,6 3,2 14,6 0,9 28,5 2,7
Cladode (cm2)
1370,2 32,1 1553,8 17,8 1706,0
53,0 1746,8
53,0
Tree (m2) and Cladode (cm2) surface area
How to increase fruit yield potential?
plant fertility vs Cladode fertilitytree spacing vs plant architecture
How to reduce production costs?mechanization vs plant breeding
How to increase fruit quality and value?
seasonal offerfruit shape and colorseed numberfruit organolpetic and nutraceutical value
MAJOR RELEVANT QUESTIONS:
VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.
MAJOR RELEVANT QUESTIONS:
Plant nutrition and N balance
Water requirement and irrigation management
C balance and environmental impact of cactus pear orchard
VII Cactus Pear & Cochineal ISHS Congress - Agadir 17-22 Oct. 2010-.