Post on 24-Feb-2016
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LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS• Haiti• Mexico• South America
WHAT FORCES ARE DRIVING THESE REVOLUTIONS?
Enlightenment thoughtAmerican Revolution
French RevolutionSocial classesSlavery (Haiti)
HAITI French colony occupying the western third of Hispaniola
Largest and valuable island in the Western Hemisphere Perfect climate for sugar, coffee, and cotton plantations Produced 30% of the world’s sugar and 50% of coffee Trade with the island accounted for ½ of France’s foreign
trade and equaled that of the United States
500,000 slaves lived and worked on the island
1789 – sporadic slave revolts occur during the early stages of the French Revolution How would the FR help launch the Haitian Revolution?
By 1791, 100,000 slaves rebelled demanding natural rights and an end to slavery
TOUSSAINT LOUVERTURE• Former slave• Property owner• Led slave uprising• Guerilla tactics
against the British and the French
French perspectives of revolution
Haitian Perspective
THE REVOLUTION GROWS Revolution continues
unabated since 1789 British and Spanish forces
invade island in 1793 Why?
Haitian colonial government grants freedom to slaves in 1793 Why?
French government grants freedom in 1794
Consolidated mulatto/slave forces defeat foreign invasion under T’Lo by 1799
ENTER NAPOLEON IN 1802!
• Napoleon reinstitutes slavery and attempts to reconquer the island
• Why would Napoleon reinstitute slavery
FRENCH VS HAITIANS • 35,000 strong French army destroy island and inhabitants
• Never pacify whole island
• Malaria and yellow fever devastate French forces
• French forces withdraw in 1803• 50,000 killed
• Island declared independent in 1804
• United under Jean Jacques Dessalines
Leclerc’s, the commanding general, letter to Napoleon regarding the situation on St. Domingue
“50 prisoners have been hung; these men die with an incredible fanaticism; they laugh at
death; it is the same with women…it appears to me from the orders that you send me that you have not got a clear idea of my position here…It is not enough to have taken away
Toussaint. Here is my opinion. You will have to exterminate all the blacks in the mountains,
women as well as men. Except for children under twelve. Wipe out half the population of the lowlands, and do not leave in the colony a single black who has worn an epaulet…Send 12,000 replacements immediately, and 10
million francs in cash, or St. Domingue is lost forever.”
MEXICAN REVOLUTION…1810-1821
CRY OF DOLORES…
MEXICAN REVOLUTION 1810 - Cry of Dolores launches revolution against the Spanish
Padre Morelos keeps fighting after Hidalgo’s execution
1815 - Iturbide, a Creole officer fighting for Spain, defeats Morelos
1820 – Revolution led by Iturbide and the creole class defeat Spanish
Why would Iturbide revolt?
1821 – Mexican independence
BUILD UP TO INTERNAL REVOLUTION
Mexican state established in 1821
Mexico ruled by Santa Anna (1830s-1850s) – caudillo with terrible foreign policy. Lose territory and
prestige Mexico attempts to
reform and liberalize under Benito Juarez
Juarez (1860s-1876) – progressive, liberal rulerRedistribute land and help poor La Reforma
Coup occurs placing Porfirio Diaz in control
Diaz (1876-1911) – conservative, autocratic ruler Rulers through fear:
“bread or club” Discontent with Diaz
leads to a popular revolution/civil war in 1910
MEXICO’S TURBULENT 19TH CENTURY• Santa Anna
• Benito Juarez
• Porfirio Diaz
MEXICAN CIVIL WAR 1911-1917
• Ends with the creation of Caranza’s Constitution
• Constitution of 1917• Promote social
equality• Gender equality• Minimum wage• 6 year presidential
term limit
• Mexico governed by the same constitution today
SOUTH AMERICAN INDEPENDENCESpanish and Portuguese Colonies
Brazilian Independence
BRAZIL’S PEACEFUL INDEPENDENCE
Napoleon’s influence Royal family fled Portugal for Rio de Janiero in 1807
Post 1815 the royal family returned to Portugal Son (Dom Pedro) stayed behind to rule
Brazilian creoles wouldn’t accept a return to colonial status Petition to have Dom Pedro independently rule Brazil
Independence was granted bloodlessly in 1822. Slavery and monarchy exist and dominate society until the late 1800s. Slavery abolished in 1888; Monarchy in 1889