Hamish intro typo slide show

transcript

LCCSchool of Graphic DesignBA (Hons) GMDInformation Design PathwayYear One 2006/7An Introduction to Typography

TypographicDesign

StructureandaComposition

1 Typographic Structure

Good typographic design is underpinnedby a set of rules which are inherentlylinked to the physical characteristics ofmetal type

TypographicDesign

Good typographic design is underpinnedby a set of rules which are inherentlylinked to the physical characteristics ofmetal type.For the designer, some experience ofmetal type and an understanding of thephysical constraints within letterpress,can provide useful ground rules for asystematic approach to computer basedtypographic design

TypographicDesign

Good typographic design is underpinnedby a set of rules which are inherentlylinked to the physical characteristics ofmetal type.For the designer, some experience ofmetal type and an understanding of thephysical constraints within letterpress,can provide useful ground rules for asystematic approach to computer basedtypographic design

TypographicDesign

StructureandComposition

Good typographic design is underpinnedby a set of rules which are inherentlylinked to the physical characteristics ofmetal type.For the designer, some experience ofmetal type and an understanding of thephysical constraints within letterpress,can provide useful ground rules for asystematic approach to computer basedtypographic design.Used properly, and with respect forcertain fundamental rules, computerbased typography can produce resultswhich are superior technically andaesthetically to those possible inletterpress or photo-setting

TypographicDesign

StructureandComposition

Good typographic design is underpinnedby a set of rules which are inherentlylinked to the physical characteristics ofmetal type.For the designer, some experience ofmetal type and an understanding of thephysical constraints within letterpress,can provide useful ground rules for asystematic approach to computer basedtypographic design.Used properly, and with respect forcertain fundamental rules, computerbased typography can produce resultswhich are superior technically andaesthetically to those possible inletterpress or photo-setting

a a a a a a a a a a a aaaa6 7 8 9 10 12 15 18 24 30 36 42 48 60 72

In metal setting, only specific type sizes were available. This simplified thedecision making process for the designer. Sizes from 6 to 12 point were generallyconsidered suitable for setting continuous text. Headlines, paragraph headings,etc. would be set in the larger sizes.Certain aesthetic rules follow from this. For example, in changing type size tocreate typographic emphasis with metal type, the designer had a limited choice –at text sizes it was generally considered necessary to jump two sizes (e.g. 8 to 10)and above 15pt, one size jump was sufficient to create a differentiation that wasobvious to the reader

In computer based digital type, almost anytype size can be used. The designer thereforeneeds to adopt a rigorous approach tochoosing a range of type sizes for a particulartypographic composition – because thephysical constraints of metal no longer apply,it is necessary to create one’s own rules ifclear, unambiguous communication is theintent

2 Some Optical Factors in Typeface Design

A circle and square of the same height do not appear to be thesame size optically

A circle and square of the same height do not appear to be thesame size optically. To optically match the size of the square, thecircle has to be about 5% bigger

100 100 105

The same principles are applied in typeface design. Note howthe lowercase ‘o’ and ‘e’ in this example exceed the x-heightboundaries, and also how the bowl of the ‘n’ rises above the topof the left-hand downstroke

These two strokes are the same thickness. The horizontal strokeis positioned exactly halfway up the vertical. Optically, thehorizontal stroke appears thicker than the vertical and feels as ifit is positioned lower than halfway.

These two strokes are the same thickness. The horizontal strokeis positioned exactly halfway up the vertical. Optically, thehorizontal stroke appears thicker than the vertical and feels as ifit is positioned lower than halfway. Although the two elementsare ‘balanced’ mathematically, the composition has an unstableappearance

10.032.032.010.0

These two strokes are the same thickness. The horizontal strokeis positioned exactly halfway up the vertical. Optically, thehorizontal stroke appears thicker than the vertical and feels as ifit is positioned lower than halfway. Although the two elementsare ‘balanced’ mathematically, the composition has an unstableappearance. Subtle adjustments can be made to re-balance theelements so that the composition appears optically stable

These optical principles are inherent in typeface design – theindividual forms within the alphabet need to be stable andoptically harmonious for the typeface to function properly

Never scale type horizontally as this destroys the inbuilt opticalstability of the letterforms

Never scale type horizontally as this destroys the inbuilt opticalstability of the letterforms (examples 50% and 125%)

EHEHX X

PxybSanserif

3 Measurement

PxybPxybSerifSanserif

3 Measurement

PxybPxyb1 Body height – measured in points (referred to as the point size of the typeface)

Sanserif

3 Measurement

PxybPxyb1 Body height – measured in points (referred to as the point size of the typeface)2 Baseline – imaginary line on which the base of the letters align

Sanserif

3 Measurement

PxybPxyb1 Body height – measured in points (referred to as the point size of the typeface)2 Baseline – imaginary line on which the base of the letters align3 Cap height – distance from baseline to top of capital letter, usually measured in mm

Sanserif

3 Measurement

PxybPxyb1 Body height – measured in points (referred to as the point size of the typeface)2 Baseline – imaginary line on which the base of the letters align3 Cap height – distance from baseline to top of capital letter, usually measured in mm4 x-height – distance from baseline to top of lowercase ‘x’, measured in mm

Sanserif

3 Measurement

PxybPxyb1 Body height – measured in points (referred to as the point size of the typeface)2 Baseline – imaginary line on which the base of the letters align3 Cap height – distance from baseline to top of capital letter, usually measured in mm4 x-height – distance from baseline to top of lowercase ‘x’, measured in mm5 Descender – that part of a lowercase letter which descends below the baseline

•2 •5

Sanserif

3 Measurement

PxybPxyb1 Body height – measured in points (referred to as the point size of the typeface)2 Baseline – imaginary line on which the base of the letters align3 Cap height – distance from baseline to top of capital letter, usually measured in mm4 x-height – distance from baseline to top of lowercase ‘x’, measured in mm5 Descender – that part of a lowercase letter which descends below the baseline6 Ascender – that part of a lowercase letter which ascends above the cap height

•2 •5

Sanserif

3 Measurement

PxybPxyb1 Body height – measured in points (referred to as the point size of the typeface)2 Baseline – imaginary line on which the base of the letters align3 Cap height – distance from baseline to top of capital letter, usually measured in mm4 x-height – distance from baseline to top of lowercase ‘x’, measured in mm5 Descender – that part of a lowercase letter which descends below the baseline6 Ascender – that part of a lowercase letter which ascends above the cap height

•2 •5

Sanserif

3 Measurement

DesignTypographic

4 Letter and Word Spacing

DesignTypographic

Metal setting showing character widths

T DesignypographicTypographic Design

DesignTypographic

Digital setting (InDesign, Metrics spacing)Note automatic kerning pair – Ty

Typographic Design

DesignTypographic

InDesign -15 Tracking

Typographic Design

DesignTypographic

Typographic Design

DesignTypographic

Tracking affects both letter and wordspacing to the same degree

Letter and word spacing canbe controlled independently inmost software packages�

Word spacing 100%, letter spacing +0%

Letter and word spacing can becontrolled independently inmost software packages�

Word spacing 100%, letter spacing +0% (Quark XPress)

Word spacing 100%, letter spacing -4% (Quark XPress)

Letter and word spacing can becontrolled independently in mostsoftware packages�

It is sometimespreferable not to usetracking to controlletter and word spacing.For example withlarge sizes of type,word spacing andletter spacing mayneed to beproportionallydifferent.In Quark XPress,independent (butfixed) values for bothletter and wordspacing can be setvia H&Js

Kerning

0 0 +18 0 0 0InDesign (Metrics spacing, Tracking -20) showing values for built-in kerning pairs for the example font (55 Helvetica Neue)

Kerning

0 0 +18 0 0 0InDesign (Metrics spacing, Tracking -20) showing values for built-in kerning pairs for the example font (55 Helvetica Neue)

Kerning

0 0 +18 0 0 0

-40 0 +5 -5 -5 -5

InDesign (Metrics spacing, Tracking -20) showing values for built-in kerning pairs for the example font (55 Helvetica Neue)

InDesign (Metrics spacing, Tracking -20) with manually adjusted kerning pairs to achieve optically balanced letter spacing

Kerning

0 0 +18 0 0 0

-40 0 +5 -5 -5 -5

InDesign (Metrics spacing, Tracking -20) showing values for built-in kerning pairs for the example font (55 Helvetica Neue)

InDesign (Metrics spacing, Tracking -20) with manually adjusted kerning pairs to achieve optically balanced letter spacing

PostScript fontsusually have somebuilt-in kerningpairs. (In QuarkXPress these can beseen in the‘Utilities/KerningTable Edit’ menu).In display work(using large sizes oftype) where spacinginconsistencies areoften verynoticeable, it isusually necessary toapply further manualkerning betweencharacter pairs toachieve aestheticallyacceptable results.

At Ewhurst, I had now to come, according to myproject, round among the lanes at about acouple of miles distance from the foot of LeithHill, in order to get first to Ockley, then toHolmwood, and then to Reigate.

5 Line Spacing

28pt type set solid (28/28pt)

Interline spacing orleading adds whitespace between linesof type.In text setting,adding leading canimprove the legibilityof text. The amountto use is dependenton the typeface andtype size, relativecap height andx-height, letter andword spacing, andline length.

28pt type with 6pt leading (28/34pt)

At Ewhurst, I had now to come, according to myproject, round among the lanes at about acouple of miles distance from the foot of LeithHill, in order to get first to Ockley, then toHolmwood, and then to Reigate

5 Line Spacing

28pt type set solid (28/28pt)

Leading takes itname from the stripsof lead insertedbetween lines ofmetal type toincrease line spacing

28pt type with 6pt leading (28/34pt)

2828282828

5 Line Spacing

28pt on 28pt line feed (28/28pt)

In digital typesetting,leading is oftenreferred to as linefeed.Line feed is usuallydefined as themeasure from onebaseline of text tothe next baseline oftext.Line feed can beexpressed in anyunit of measure, forexample, whenworking with ametric page grid itmay be helpful todefine line feed inmillimetres

28pt on 34pt line feed (28/34pt) or28pt type on 12.0mm line feed

28282828

34343434

At Ewhurst, I had now to come, according to myproject, round among the lanes at about acouple of miles distance from the foot of LeithHill, in order to get first to Ockley, then toHolmwood, and then to Reigate

5 Line Spacing

With large sizes oftype in headlines, itmay be desirable touse negative linefeed, that is, wherethe line feed value isless than the bodysize of the type

At Ewhurst, I hadnow to come,according to myproject, round

5 Line Spacing

With large sizes oftype in headlines, itmay be desirable touse negative linefeed, that is, wherethe line feed value isless than the bodysize of the type

At Ewhurst, I hadnow to come,according to myproject, round

6 Type Alignment

Ranged left (or ragged right)

Ranged left is thesimplest alignmentmethod to use whensetting text.Word and letterspacing are eventhroughout.Ranged left type isrelatively easy toread (the eye canquickly track back tothe start of eachnew line) and it issuitable for settinglarge amounts ofcontinuous text.

At Ewhurst, which is a most pretty village, where theChurch of which is most delightfully situated, I treated myhorse to some oats, and myself a rasher of bacon. I hadnow to come, according to my project, round among thelanes at about a couple of miles distance from the foot ofLeith Hill, in order to get first to Ockley, then to Holmwood,and then to Reigate. From Ewhurst the first three mileswas the deepeset clay that I ever saw, to the best of myrecollection. I was warned of the difficulty of getting along;but I was not be frightened at the sound of the clay.Wagons, too, had been dragged along the lanes by somemeans or other; and where a wagon-horse could go, myhorse could go. It took me however, a good hour and a halfto get along these three miles.

6 Type Alignment

One drawback withranged left setting isthat the raggedright edge cansometimes producedistinct shapeswhich, if veryobvious, can distractthe reader.The rag should beas neutral aspossible

At Ewhurst, which is a most pretty village, where theChurch of which is most delightfully situated, I treated myhorse to some oats, and myself a rasher of bacon. I hadnow to come, according to my project, round among thelanes at about a couple of miles distance from the foot ofLeith Hill, in order to get first to Ockley, then to Holmwood,and then to Reigate. From Ewhurst the first three mileswas the deepeset clay that I ever saw, to the best of myrecollection. I was warned of the difficulty of getting along;but I was not be frightened at the sound of the clay.Wagons, too, had been dragged along the lanes by somemeans or other; and where a wagon-horse could go, myhorse could go. It took me however, a good hour and a halfto get along these three miles.

6 Type Alignment

The selective use ofkerning (or minimalhyphenation) can beemployed toimprove the raggededge.Here for example,selected wordspaces on the firstline were kerned toallow ‘Church’ tocome back to thefirst line.

At Ewhurst, which is a most pretty village, where the Churchof which is most delightfully situated, I treated my horse tosome oats, and myself a rasher of bacon. I had now tocome, according to my project, round among the lanes atabout a couple of miles distance from the foot of Leith Hill,in order to get first to Ockley, then to Holmwood, and thento Reigate. From Ewhurst the first three miles was thedeepeset clay that I ever saw, to the best of myrecollection. I was warned of the difficulty of getting along;but I was not be frightened at the sound of the clay.Wagons, too, had been dragged along the lanes by somemeans or other; and where a wagon-horse could go, myhorse could go. It took me however, a good hour and a halfto get along these three miles.

6 Type Alignment

The selective use ofkerning (or minimalhyphenation) can beemployed toimprove the raggededge.Here for example,selected wordspaces on the firstline were kerned toallow ‘Church’ tocome back to thefirst line.Forced line breakswere used after‘Leith’

At Ewhurst, which is a most pretty village, where the Churchof which is most delightfully situated, I treated my horse tosome oats, and myself a rasher of bacon. I had now tocome, according to my project, round among the lanes atabout a couple of miles distance from the foot of LeithHill, in order to get first to Ockley, then to Holmwood, andthen to Reigate. From Ewhurst the first three miles was thedeepeset clay that I ever saw, to the best of myrecollection. I was warned of the difficulty of getting along;but I was not be frightened at the sound of the clay.Wagons, too, had been dragged along the lanes by somemeans or other; and where a wagon-horse could go, myhorse could go. It took me however, a good hour and a halfto get along these three miles.

6 Type Alignment

The selective use ofkerning (or minimalhyphenation) can beemployed toimprove the raggededge.Here for example,selected wordspaces on the firstline were kerned toallow ‘Church’ tocome back to thefirst line.Forced line breakswere used after‘Leith’ and ‘miles’ tofurther improve theragged shape

At Ewhurst, which is a most pretty village, where the Churchof which is most delightfully situated, I treated my horse tosome oats, and myself a rasher of bacon. I had now tocome, according to my project, round among the lanes atabout a couple of miles distance from the foot of LeithHill, in order to get first to Ockley, then to Holmwood, andthen to Reigate. From Ewhurst the first three mileswas the deepeset clay that I ever saw, to the best of myrecollection. I was warned of the difficulty of getting along;but I was not be frightened at the sound of the clay.Wagons, too, had been dragged along the lanes by somemeans or other; and where a wagon-horse could go, myhorse could go. It took me however, a good hour and a halfto get along these three miles.

6 Type Alignment

Centred

Centred text shouldbe used only fordisplay work in moretraditional layouts(book title pages forexample).Centred text is lesseasy to read thantext which is setranged left. The eyehas to track back toa new position forthe start of each line

At Ewhurst, which is a most pretty village, where theChurch of which is most delightfully situated, I treated myhorse to some oats, and myself a rasher of bacon. I hadnow to come, according to my project, round among thelanes at about a couple of miles distance from the foot of

Leith Hill, in order to get first to Ockley, then to Holmwood,and then to Reigate. From Ewhurst the first three miles was

the deepeset clay that I ever saw, to the best of myrecollection. I was warned of the difficulty of getting along;

but I was not be frightened at the sound of the clay.Wagons, too, had been dragged along the lanes by somemeans or other; and where a wagon-horse could go, my

horse could go. It took me however, a good hour and a halfto get along these three miles.

6 Type Alignment

Ranged right

Ranged rightsetting has limiteduse and is oftenrestricted to shortpieces of text suchas headings or dataentries in columnaror tabular work.It should be avoidedfor continuous textwhere ranged rightis tiring and slow toread as the eye hasto work hard to findthe start of each line

At Ewhurst, which is a most pretty village, where theChurch of which is most delightfully situated, I treated my

horse to some oats, and myself a rasher of bacon. I hadnow to come, according to my project, round among thelanes at about a couple of miles distance from the foot of

Leith Hill, in order to get first to Ockley, then to Holmwood,and then to Reigate. From Ewhurst the first three miles was

the deepeset clay that I ever saw, to the best of myrecollection. I was warned of the difficulty of getting along;

but I was not be frightened at the sound of the clay.Wagons, too, had been dragged along the lanes by somemeans or other; and where a wagon-horse could go, my

horse could go. It took me however, a good hour and a halfto get along these three miles.

6 Type Alignment

Justifed SettingWord spacing Letter spacingMinimum 80% Minimum -10Optimum 100% Optimum 0Maximum 150% Maximum +10

Justified setting iscommon innewspapers wheretight, even columnsof text are packedtogether in a strictgrid and the overallintegrity of the pageis the primary visualconsideration.It is also usedextensively in booksetting.In justified setting,parameters forvariable word andletter spacing arespecified by thedesigner to forceeach line to fill thewidth of the textblock

At Ewhurst, which is a most pretty village, where the Churchof which is most delightfully situated, I treated my horse tosome oats, and myself a rasher of bacon. I had now to come,according to my project, round among the lanes at about acouple of miles distance from the foot of Leith Hill, in orderto get first to Ockley, then to Holmwood, and then to Reigate.From Ewhurst the first three miles was the deepeset clay thatI ever saw, to the best of my recollection. I was warned of thedifficulty of getting along; but I was not be frightened at thesound of the clay. Wagons, too, had been dragged along thelanes by some means or other; and where a wagon-horsecould go, my horse could go. It took me however, a goodhour and a half to get along these three miles.

6 Type Alignment

Justifed SettingWord spacing Letter spacingMinimum 80% Minimum -10Optimum 100% Optimum 0Maximum 150% Maximum +10

Even for theexperiencedtypographer, justifiedsetting can be verydifficult to specify.Students shouldavoid usingjustified setting!Note the extremes ofspacing in the twolines highlighted inthe example andhow the texture ofthe text overall isuneven. Note as wellhow the punctuationat line endingscreates an irregularright edge.This particularexample allowsnegative values forboth word and letterspacing.

At Ewhurst, which is a most pretty village, where the Churchof which is most delightfully situated, I treated my horse tosome oats, and myself a rasher of bacon. I had now to come,according to my project, round among the lanes at about acouple of miles distance from the foot of Leith Hill, in orderto get first to Ockley, then to Holmwood, and then to Reigate.From Ewhurst the first three miles was the deepeset clay thatI ever saw, to the best of my recollection. I was warned of thedifficulty of getting along; but I was not be frightened at thesound of the clay. Wagons, too, had been dragged along thelanes by some means or other; and where a wagon-horsecould go, my horse could go. It took me however, a goodhour and a half to get along these three miles.

6 Type Alignment

Justifed SettingWord spacing Letter spacingMinimum 60% Minimum 0Optimum 100% Optimum 0Maximum 120% Maximum 0

In this example,there is no variableallowed in the valuefor letter spacing.This at leastprovides oneconsistent spacingattribute. As a resultthe text has a moreeven appearancethan the previousexample.A further refinementis the hangingpunctuation (wherepunctuation at theend of lines isallowed to exceedthe measurespecified for the linelength)

At Ewhurst, which is a most pretty village, where the Churchof which is most delightfully situated, I treated my horse tosome oats, and myself a rasher of bacon. I had now to come,according to my project, round among the lanes at about acouple of miles distance from the foot of Leith Hill, in order toget first to Ockley, then to Holmwood, and then to Reigate.From Ewhurst the first three miles was the deepeset clay thatI ever saw, to the best of my recollection. I was warned of thedifficulty of getting along; but I was not be frightened at thesound of the clay. Wagons, too, had been dragged along thelanes by some means or other; and where a wagon-horsecould go, my horse could go. It took me however, a good hourand a half to get along these three miles

7 Type Weight

Many typefaces areavailable in a rangeof related weights. Inthe case of theHelvetica Neueseries, each weighthas the same Capheight and x-heightfor a given bodysize. This makessuch fonts useful insetting wherechanges of weightare required tocreate emphasis.Generally speaking,one should use thefont at least twoweights above tocreate a boldemphasis, i.e. fortext set in Helvetica65, the bold wouldbe 85

Helvetica Neue Family

25 Ultra Light 26 Ultra Light Italic35 Thin 36 Thin Italic45 Light 46 Light Italic55 Roman 56 Italic65 Medium 66 Medium Italic75 Bold 76 Bold Italic85 Heavy 86 Heavy Italic95 Black 96 Black Italic

LCCSchool of Graphic DesignBA (Hons) GMDInformation Design PathwayYear One 2006/7An Introduction to TypographyWorkshop Exercises

1 Ragged Right

Using the typesetting supplied, you areasked to create new examples of rangedleft text, to the two measures given formaximum line length.Try to create a neutral ragged right edge. For the purposes of this exercise, meaning is not important, our concern is purely thevisual.Each line ending must be after a wholeletter and there must be at least twoletters together at the end of each line.Photocopy your original a few timesbefore you begin

At Ewhurst, which is a most pretty village, where the Church of which is mostdelightfully situated, I treated my horse to some oats, and myself a rasher ofbacon. I had now to come, according to my project, round among the lanesat about a couple of miles distance from the foot of Leith Hill, in order to getfirst to Ockley, then to Holwood, and then to Reigate. From Ewhurst the firstthree miles was the deepeset clay that I ever saw, to the best of myrecollection. I was warned of the difficulty of getting along; but I was not befrightened at the sound of the clay. Wagons, too, had been dragged along thelanes by some means or other; and where a wagon-horse could go, my horsecould go. It took me however, a good hour and a half to get along these threemiles. Now, mind, this is the real weald, where the clay is bottomless; wherethere is no stone of any sort undernetah, as at Worth and all along formCrawley to Billingshurst through Horsham. This clayey land is fed with watersoaking from the sand-hills; and in this particular place from the immense hillof Leith. All along the oak-woods are beautiful. I saw scores of acres by theroad-side, where the young oaks stood as regularly as if they had beenplanted. The orchards are not bad along here, and, perhaps they are a gooddeal indebted to the shelter they receive.

100 130

Typography1998–1991Food PoliceRestitutionGardening

2 Letterspacing and Kerning

You will each be given a word or phrasetypeset in a display size.By cutting and moving, adjust the overallletter/word spacing within your word orphrase (if you think it needs it), and thenadjust spacing inconsistencies betweencharacter pairs. You should be aiming foroverall balance, where nothing jumps outas being different in terms of positive andnegative form.Photocopy your original a few timesbefore you begin

3 Left Alignment

Using the typesetting supplied, adjust theleft-hand alignment to achieve anoptically cleaner alignment.You can see from this example how theletters align physically by default. Whatfurther adjustments need to be made?Cut and move the words acccordingly.Photocopy your original a few timesbefore you begin

TheWealdofKentandSussex

4 Centred Type

Look carefully at the typesetting supplied,adjust the centred alignment to achievean optically perfect result.Photocopy your original a few timesbefore you begin

The Wealdof Kent

andSussex

Hamish intro typo slide show

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