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The Hawai’i Clean Energy Initiative:Implementing Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy and Island Sustainability
Seminar Series
University of Hawai’i September 3, 2009
Paul NortonNREL
Seminar Objectives
1. Introduce NREL
2. Give you a broad view of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Hawai’i
3. Raise some of the technical issues that need to be addressed in this field
4. Have a open, creative, lively and fun discussion
Hawi Wind Farm, Big Island
Photo: HELCO
Overview
• NREL introduction
• HCEI introduction
• Energy Efficiency and Zero Energy Buildings
• Renewable Energy – projects, challenges, and opportunities
Parker Ranch, Big Island
Photo: SunPower
Who is NREL?
• U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory located in Golden, CO• Dedicated to energy efficiency and renewable energy• Lead National Laboratory for the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative• Staff of about 1600, 2009 budget of about $460 million• Research centers for ...
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Residential and Commercial Buildings Wind Energy Solar Energy - Photovoltaics Advanced Vehicles and Fuels
Biomass Geothermal Energy Analysis…
Long-Term Impact: Requires Breakthrough/Translational Science
Managing the science-to-technology interface
Translational Research Facility
Mid-Term Impact: Accelerate Next-Generation Technology to Market
•NREL Focus on Technology and Systems Development•Unique Partnering Facilities•Testing and Validation Capabilities
Integrated Biorefinery Research Facility
Energy Systems Integration Facility
Near-Term Impact: Harvest Past R&D Energy Investments
• NREL Provides Data, Tools and Technical Assistance to:
• Educate and inform• Develop codes and standards• Inform policy options, program design, and
investment choices Resource Assessment Technology Analysis Policy AnalysisU.S. Renewable Electricity Installed Nameplate
Capacity
Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2009 Early Release
Remove Barriers to Broad Deployment• Fuels Economic Recovery
• Creates Jobs
NREL areas of focus• Renewable Research Potential
• Energy Efficiency
• Renewable Electricity Supply
• Biofuels
• Sustainable Transportation
• Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
• New Directions
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Renewable Resource Potential
U.S. Photovoltaic Solar Resource
U.S. Concentrating Solar Resource
U.S. Wind Resource (50m)
U.S. Biomass Resource
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Energy Efficiency
Energy Efficiency Offers Low or No-Cost Carbon Reduction Options
Building Efficiency (in red) represent largest No-Cost option
Source: McKinsey Global Institute, 2007
Buildings
Status U.S. Buildings:• 39% of primary energy• 71% of electricity• 38% of carbon emissions
DOE Goal:• Cost effective, marketable zero energy
buildings by 2025• Value of energy savings exceeds cost of
energy features on a cash flow basis
NREL Research Thrusts• Whole building systems integration of
efficiency and renewable features• Computerized building energy optimization
tools• Building integrated PV
April 10, 2008
Energy Used in Buildings
•
Buildings use 72% of the nation’s electricity and 55% of its natural gas.
100.7 Quads of Total Use, 2005
Source: Buildings Energy Data Book 2007
Technology for Cost Effective Zero Energy Buildings
Condor
Simulations to run
Check status of each
resource
Linux Cluster
Local
Submits Jobs
l
m
n
Jobs Complete?
Check Job and post process
NREL Zero Energy Habitat House
BIPV Products & PV-T Array
Compressorless Cooling
Electrochromic Windows
Polymer Solar Water Heaters
Computerized optimization & simulation Tools
Average 1990’s home
Homeowner costfor low energy home*is the same as minimumcode home
* low energy home requires 65% less energy
• NREL Analysis using BEOpt software for Boulder,CO climate
Example taken from the “GEOS” Neighborhood. Courtesy of Wonderland Hills Development, Boulder Colorado
Net-Zero Energy Homes That Are Cashflow Neutral
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Renewable Electricity Supply
Wind • Today’s Status in U.S.• 25,300 MW installed capacity• Cost 6-9¢/kWh at good wind sites*
• DOE Cost Goals• 3.6¢/kWh, onshore at low wind sites by 2012• 7¢/kWh, offshore in shallow water by 2014
• Long Term Potential• 20% of the nation’s electricity supply
* With no Production Tax CreditUpdated May 8, 2009Source: U.S. Department of Energy, American Wind Energy Association
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
The “20% Wind Report” Informs Our RD&D
• The 20% Wind Energy by 2030 Scenario
• How it began: 2006 State of the Union and Advanced Energy Initiative Collaborative effort of government and industry (DOE, NREL, and
AWEA) to explore a modeled energy scenario in which wind provides 20% of U.S. electricity by 2030
• Primary Assumptions: U.S. electricity consumption grows 39% from 2005 to 2030—to 5.8
billion MWh (Source: EIA) Wind turbine energy production (capacity factor) increases about
15% by 2030 Wind turbine costs decrease about 10% by 2030 No major breakthroughs in wind technology
• Primary Findings: 20% wind electricity would require about 300 GW (300,000 MW) of
wind generation Affordable, accessible wind resources available across the nation Cost to integrate wind modest Emissions reductions and water savings Transmission a challenge
www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro
Wind Energy Technology
Advanced BladesOffshore Wind
US Wind Resource Exceeds Total Electrical Demand
Innovative Tall Towers Giant Multi-megawatt Turbines
Courtesy:WindLogics, Inc. St. Paul, MN
Wind Forecasting
Wind
Photo credit: Megavind
NREL Research Thrusts• Improved performance and reliability• Advanced rotor development• Utility grid integration
Applications of Solar Heat and Electricity
Photovoltaics (PV)
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
Centralized Generation, large users or utilities
Distributed Generation, on-site or near point of use
Solar Thermal
Transportation
Residential & Commercial Buildings
Industrial
Passive solar Hot water
Solar – Photovoltaics and CSPStatus in U.S.
PV• 1,000 MW installed capacity• Cost 18-23¢/kWh
CSP• 419 MW installed capacity• Cost 12¢/kWh
Potential:
PV• 11-18¢/kWh by 2010• 5-10 ¢/kWh by 2015
CSP8.5 ¢/kWh by 20106 ¢/kWh by 2015 Source: U.S. Department of Energy, IEA
Updated January 1, 2009
8.22-megawatt Alamosa, Colo., PV solar plant
Solar Research Thrusts• Photovoltaics
• Higher performance cells/modules • New nanomaterials applications• Advanced manufacturing techniques
• Concentrating Solar Power
• Low cost high performance storage for baseload markets
• Advanced absorbers, reflectors, and heat transfer fluids
• Next generation solar concentrators
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
PV Conversion Technologies—Decades of NREL Leadership
GeothermalToday’s Status in U.S.• 2,800 MWe installed, 500 MWe
new contracts, 3000 MWe under development
• Cost 5-8¢/kWh with no PTC• Capacity factor typically > 90%,
base load power
DOE Cost Goals:• <5¢/kWh, for typical
hydrothermal sites • 5¢/kWh, for enhanced
geothermal systems with mature technology
Long Term Potential:• Recent MIT Analysis shows
potential for 100,000 MW installedEnhanced Geothermal Power systemsby 2050, cost-competitive with coal-powered generation
NREL Research Thrusts:• Analysis to define pathways to commercialization of
enhanced geothermal systems (EGS)• Systems engineering/integration to enable fast track
development of EGS and other program goals• Geothermal energy conversion RD&D
Low temperature geothermal, direct use, and ground source heat pump RD&D
June 18, 2009
Biomass Power
Biopower status in U.S.• 2007 capacity – 10.5 GWe
– 5 GW Pulp and Paper– 2 GW Dedicated Biomass– 3 GW MSW and Landfill Gas– 0.5 GW Cofiring
• 2004 Generation – 68.5 TWh• Cost – 8-10¢/kWh
Potential• Cost – 4-6¢/kWh (integrated
gasification combined cycle)• 2030 – 160 TWh (net electricity
exported to grid from integrated 60 billion gal/yr biorefinery industry)
July 16, 2009
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Biofuels
Biofuels• Current Biofuels Status in U.S.• Biodiesel – 171 companies; 2.2 billion gallons/yr capacity1• Corn ethanol
– 174 commercial plants2– 10.8 billion gal/yr. capacity2– Additional 2.4 billion gal/yr planned or under construction
• Cellulosic ethanol (current technology)– Projected commercial cost ~$3.50/gge
• Key DOE Goals
• 2012 goal: cellulosic ethanol $1.33/ETOH gallon or ~$1.99/gge
• 2022 goal: 36B gal Renewable Fuel; 21B gal “Advanced Renewable Fuel”– 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act
• 2030 goal: 60 billion gal ethanol (30% of 2004 gasoline)
• NREL Research Thrusts• The biorefinery and cellulosic ethanol • Solutions to under-utilized waste residues• Energy crops• New biofuels
Updated February 2009Sources: 1- National Biodiesel Board2 - Renewable Fuels Association, all other information based on DOE and USDA sources
Why Follow-On Generations?
•3rd & 4th Generations – “beyond ethanol” Higher energy density/suitability Better temp and cold start ability Energy and tailored feedstocks Infrastructure compatibility
Algae
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National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Feedstocks
Lignocellulosic BiomassPerennial- Herbaceous- Woody
Annual CropsSugar/Starch (corn, sugarcane, wheat, sugarbeet, etc.)
Other Residues - Forestry, forest products- Municipal and urban:green waste, food, paper, etc.- Animal residues, etc.- Waste fats and oils
Plant Oils/Algae
Transportation FuelsEthanol &
Mixed Alcohols or Methane or Hydrogen
Diesel*
Methanol
Gasoline*
Diesel*
Gasoline* & Diesel*
Diesel*
Gasoline*
Hydrogen
Ethanol, Butanol, Hydrocarbons
Bio-Methane
Biodiesel Green diesel
Catalytic synthesis
FT synthesis
MeOH synthesis
HydroCracking/Treating
Aqueous Phase Processing
Catalytic pyrolysis
Aqueous Phase Reforming
Fermentation
Catalytic upgrading
MTG
Ag residues, (stover, straws, bagasse)
Intermediates
Bio SynGas
Bio-Oils
Lignin
Sugars
Biogas
Lipids/Oils
Gasification
Pyrolysis & Liquefaction
Hydrolysis
Pretreatment &
Hydrolysis
Wide Range of Biofuel Technologies
* Blending Products
Anaerobic Digestion Upgrading
Transesterification
HydrodeoxygenationExtraction
Fermentation
Sustainable Transportation
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV)
Status:• PHEV-only conversion
vehicles available• OEMS building prototypes• NREL PHEV Test Bed
Key Challenges• Energy storage – life and
cost• Utility impacts• Vehicle cost• Recharging locations• Tailpipe emissions/cold
starts• Cabin heating/cooling• ~33% put cars in garage
NREL Research Thrusts• Energy storage• Advanced power electronics• Vehicle ancillary loads reduction• Vehicle thermal management• Utility interconnection• Vehicle-to-grid
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Advanced Vehicle Technologies
Batteries
UltraCaps
GM Volt
Vehicle AncillaryLoads ReductionEnergy Storage
Advanced Power Electronics
Before After
Fuels Performance
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Coordinating Research Council•FACE •Biodiesel Stability•E10/E20/E85
ASTM• Specs & Test Method Development
• Biodiesel • E85
Fuels Chemistry Lab
IQT Projects• Fundamental Ignition
Studies• Pollutant formation• FACE Fuels Testing
NBB CRADA - Biodiesel• Quality/Stability• Compatibility with Emission
Controls• Real-World Evaluation
Fuel Surveys• Biodiesel• E85
•Test Methods•Impurities•Chemical analysis
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Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells•U.S. Status
400+ fuel cell vehicles on the road
58 hydrogen fueling stations
•Goals
•Hydrogen Production $2-3/Kg for all pathways
Renewables in $5-10/Kg range
•Fuel Cells $30/kW by 2015
5,000 hour stack life
•NREL Research Thrusts Renewable H2 production
Safety/codes/standards
Early market introduction
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New Directions
Evaluating Potential New Directions
Enhanced Geothermal Systems Ocean Kinetic Energy
Pelamis—Ocean Power Delivery
Verdant—Power RITE Turbine
Tidal
Wave
Smart Grid – Renewable Energy Integrationin Systems at All Scales
An Integrated Approach is Required
Making Transformational Change
We must seize the moment.We must seize the moment.
The opportunity for making renewable energy transformational change is now before us as a solution to a global crisis.
What is HCEI?
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
What is HCEI?
www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org
The 70% clean energy by 2030 goal
Source: HECO IRP4, Sept. 2008
Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative GoalsT
otal
Ele
ctric
ity C
onsu
mpt
ion
Year2008 2030
Projected consumption – business as usual
Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative GoalsT
otal
Ele
ctric
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onsu
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Year2008 2030
Projected consumption – business as usual
Actual consumption with efficiency improvements
Efficiency savings = 30% of 2030 projected use
Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative GoalsT
otal
Ele
ctric
ity C
onsu
mpt
ion
Year2008 2030
Projected consumption – business as usual
Actual consumption with efficiency improvements
Renewables = 40% of 2030 projected use
Renewable Electricity
Efficiency savings = 30% of 2030 projected use
Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative GoalsT
otal
Ele
ctric
ity C
onsu
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Year2008 2030
Projected consumption – business as usual
Actual consumption with efficiency improvements
Renewables = 40% of 2030 projected use
Oil = 30% of 2030 projected use
Efficiency savings = 30% of 2030 projected use
Generation from oil
Renewable Electricity
70% Clean Energy = 30% Efficiency + 40% Renewables
Source: Booz Allen Hamilton, 2008
Each island has unique renewable energy opportunities
Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard
Passed by the legislature and signed into law (Act 155) in July
“The energy-efficiency portfolio standard shall be designed to achieve four thousand three hundred gigawatt hours of electricity use reductions statewide by 2030”
Where will 4300 GWh of efficiency come from?
Booz-Alan-Hamilton
High-level analysis Completed in 2007
Building Code Changes on the Path to Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB)
• Energy efficiency for new buildings
• Residential and commercial building code changes:Step 1: “Hawaiianized” IECC 2006
– In place for state buildings– Counties are in various stages of adoption
Step 2: “Hawaiianized” IECC 2009– May include the efficiency package required for ZEB
Step 3: ZEB codes (2015)
• Zero Energy Demonstration Projects– Kaupuni Village (DHHL)– Military Housing (Forest City and Actus)– Kona airport
Zero Energy Buildings
produce
as much energy as they
consume
on an annual basis.
What is a Zero Energy Building?
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Zero Energy Buildings
produce
as much energy as they
consume
on an annual basis.
What is a Zero Energy Building?
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
ConsumptionConsumption ProductionProduction
NET Zero Energy Building
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
An example of NET Zero Energy in a homekW
Hourly PV production
kW
kW
NET energy consumption
Hourly energy consumption
A key to success is including operating cost in our design decisions
Commercial Buildings
Construction costs only
Construction costs pluslifetime building energy costs
Residential Buildings
Initial sales price
Monthly mortgage plusutility bill cost
To AC or not to AC… that is the question• Traditional approach
– Architectural shading– Orientation and window design for natural ventilation– No air conditioning
• Why are we moving away from this?– Times of the year that are hot (…and getting hotter?)– Some area are hotter than other and have less trade wind– Security concerns with open windows– Noise issues with open windows– Lower tolerance for indoor temperature variations
• The hybrid approach– Architectural shading– Orientation and window design for natural ventilation – Insulated ceilings and walls, low-e windows, modest air tightness– High-efficiency air conditioning
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Residential example: Affordable air conditioned home on Oahu
Percent energy savings
Co
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($/m
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National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Percent energy savings
Co
mb
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d m
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($/m
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Minimum cost design
Neutral cost design
Zero energy
Efficiency/PV balance point
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Net metering$0.20/kWh
7% 30 year mortgage
Residential example: Affordable air conditioned home on Oahu
Energy Costs
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Percent energy savings
Co
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on
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en
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($/m
on
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National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
$0.20/kWh
$0.30/kWh
$0.40/kWh
$0.50/kWh
Residential example: Affordable air conditioned home on Oahu
Sizing the PV system
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Annual PV Production
Typical new home
efficiency
Zero energy home
Sizing the PV system
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
efficiencyeducation Annual PV Production
HouseHouseDesignDesign
OccupantOccupantEducationEducation
Typical new home Zero energy home
Will it really be ZERO??
In any given year, it depends on….
• Plug loads (TVs, DVDs, Microwave, computers, stereo, toaster, electric blanket, hair dryer, …. the list goes on!)
• AC use and cooling setpoint
• Hot water use
• Specific weather conditions
The HOUSE AND the PEOPLE living in the house
meet or miss the zero energy target TOGETHER
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
Energy use depends on us!
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105 109 113
Tota
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se p
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ome
(kW
h)
Las VegasHomes with identical
energy efficiency features
Annual Energy Use per Home3300 kWh/mo
620 kWh/mo
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
More than 5x difference
• Compact florescent lighting? • Consider energy use in purchases:
Efficient air conditioner TVs – How many? How big? Plasma or LCD? TEVO
boxes?, game boxes? Refrigerator – Newer ones can use much less energy
• Use of high-energy equipment? Freezer Hot tub Pool Aquarium
• The list goes on.......
The choices we make…..
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
For example, our refrigerators…
Source: NRDC
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
….our TVs…
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
• Taking advantage of natural ventilation?• Using blinds for shading?• Air conditioning setpoint?• AC off when home is unoccupied?• Turning off lights when not in use?• TVs off when not in use? • Computer and peripherals:
Screen shut off? Power strip shutdown?
…. our behavior…..
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
National Renewable Energy Laboratory Innovation for Our Energy Future
….the STUFF we buy….
•There is energy, CO2 and other pollution associated with:
•Materials•Manufacturing•Transportation•Disposal
Example Analysis: Big –Box Pet Store in Colorado
Starting Point
Minimum Cost Point
Cost Neutral Point
Maximum Energy Savings
ZEB Not Possible
Example Analysis: Big –Box Pet Store in Colorado
Balancing Efficiency and Renewable Energy
• Invest in efficiency first! Many efficiency options are less expensive than renewable energy Building energy needs can often be cut by 40% to 50% through efficiency while
lowering combined capital and operating energy cost
• Very deep (60% to 80%) energy savings are often available at neutral combined capital plus operating energy cost
• Achieving zero energy may not be possible with the roof area available
• These savings can only be achieved if they are designed into the building Retrofitting shell efficiency options is more expensive or impossible Roofs must be designed to accommodate the appropriate amount of solar at an
appropriate orientation and tilt.
A key to success is a measureable energy goal
Set a measureable energy goal for the building early!
Examples (from weak to strong)…. Design a green building Design a LEED [pick a rating level] building Design a building to use 30% less energy than code Design a building to use less than 25,000 BTU/sf per yr. Design a net zero energy building
Examples of Low-Energy and Zero Energy Commercial Buildings
Oberlin College Lewis CenterOberlin College Lewis Center– Oberlin, Ohio Oberlin, Ohio – goal: zero net site energy use (117%)goal: zero net site energy use (117%)
Zion Visitor CenterZion Visitor Center– Springdale, UT Springdale, UT – goal: 70% energy cost savings (65%)goal: 70% energy cost savings (65%)
Cambria Office BuildingCambria Office Building– Ebensburg, PA Ebensburg, PA – goal: 66% energy cost savings (43%)goal: 66% energy cost savings (43%)
Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF)Chesapeake Bay Foundation (CBF)– Annapolis, MD Annapolis, MD – goal: LEED 1.0 Platinum Rating (25%)goal: LEED 1.0 Platinum Rating (25%)
Thermal Test Facility (TTF)Thermal Test Facility (TTF)– Golden, CO Golden, CO – goal: 70% energy savings (51%)goal: 70% energy savings (51%)
BigHorn Home ImprovementBigHorn Home Improvement– Silverthorne, CO Silverthorne, CO – goal: 60% energy cost savings (53%)goal: 60% energy cost savings (53%)
Science House, Science Museum of MinnesotaScience House, Science Museum of Minnesota– St. Paul, MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota– goal: zero net site energy use (139%)goal: zero net site energy use (139%)
Examples of Low-Energy and Zero Energy Residential Buildings
DHHL Kaupuni Zero Energy Village, OahuDHHL Kaupuni Zero Energy Village, Oahu
Tucson, ArizonaTucson, Arizona
Oklahoma City, OklahomaOklahoma City, Oklahoma
Frisco, TexasFrisco, Texas
Hickory, Hickory, North CarolinaNorth Carolina
Patterson, Patterson, New JerseyNew Jersey Washington StateWashington State
Paul NortonHCEI Senior Project Leader
National Renewable Energy Laboratory808-220-1555
paul.norton@nrel.gov
Websites:hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.orgwww.nrel.govwww.highperformancebuildings.govwww.builidingamerica.gov