Heidelberg classeswithoutquizzescanoeingpresentation62312

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Heidelberg University

Alumni Weekend: June 22 - 24, 2012Classes Without Quizzes

“Migrating from a way of life to a source of recreation and fitness -- one of the finest gifts offered by the First Nation:

The Canoe

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Explore one of the oldest and most efficient forms of transportation in North America and now a leading recreational sport and pastime -- Canoeing local streams, rivers & lakes and more challenging wilderness destinations and a lifetime sport for all ages...

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

“Canoes have been found in waters all over the world, but only in upper North America have these indigenous crafts been used by late European immigrants to create a nation...” The Canoe, A living Tradition

“There is hardly a river or lake in North America that was not first seen from the gunwale of a canoe.” The Canoe, A living Tradition

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Earliest canoes were used by Polynesians about 2,500 BCE

Vikings used wooden canoes before they built larger ships

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Pre-canoe North American First Peoples traveled only as far as their feet would carry them

Development and use of the canoe...

Freed them from their immediate surroundings

Opened new vistas

Dramatically expanded their hunting and gathering areas

Improved their lives

Set free of the restrictions of rocks, trees and swamps

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Initial, useful purposes of the canoe

Exploration

Trade

War

Hunting

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

The First N. American Canoes

Pacific Dugouts of the Northwest

Bark Canoes of the Woodland Indians

Skin Canoes of the Arctic lands

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Bark Canoes became the preferred and dominant water vessel material

Many different bark types used

Elm

Chestnut

Hickory

Beech

Cottonwood

Eucalyptus

Purple Heart

Birch

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Birch Bark had Multiple, Practical Uses before the Canoe

Used for gathering sap and berries

Served as a waterproof cooking pots to boil meats (red-hot rocks added to the water)

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Birch Bark -- the Perfect Material for Canoes

Light

Smooth

Resilient

Waterproof

Plentiful - huge stands grew to 40-50 ft., sometimes 80 and a girth that you could not wrap your arms around

Beautiful

White outer skin provides color contrast and can be painted

Tough, pliant tan under bark can be painted or scored

Capable of sophisticated shaping into elegant and subtle forms

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Other Uses for the Birch Bark & Wood

Used for toboggans, snowshoes and utensils

Bark was the chief covering of wigwams in the winter

Provided rough, temporary raincoats

Torch tinder

Made animal calls

Quivers

Medicines for coughs and blood purification

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Birch Bark Canoe Building

Done by eye

No written records

No template

Some use of crude measuring sticks

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Traditional Birch Bark Canoe

Just over 14 feet

Weighed less than 40 pounds

Life-Span

5 years

20-30 years with little use

Repair

Walk into the woods

Piece of birch bark

Spruce tree roots and tree gum

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

The Canoe Plays a Definitive Role in the Shaping of North American Society

Brought together Native Americans & European colonists

Promoted exploration

Changed the economy forever with the onset of the fur trade

The Canoe Evolved from a Symbol

Mobility

Spirituality

Craftsmanship

Canoe Became an Instrument for Commercial Trade, Recreation & Sport

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

“The Greatest Praise for the North American Indian Canoe is that Early Europeans with Their Knowledge, Sophistication & Tools Contributed Nothing that Improved the Design or Functionality.” The Canoe

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Early Contact with First Nations and their Canoes was documented in 1534 when Jacques Cartier was met by 2 fleets of 40-50 canoes

Cartier’s Second Voyage was Further Up the St. Lawrence River (“River to Canada”)

Told by First Nations that no one ever reach the headwaters

Later explorers did find the headwaters and reached the Pacific Ocean by canoe

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Fur Trading Empires were Created

North West Companies

Hudson’s Bay Company

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Coureurs de Bois - New France (“Runners of the Woods”) and Voyageurs - After the British Takeover

Life together (First Nations and Voyageurs) changed both

Established a culture in which N. American society would be built

European survival rested with the First Nations

Native herbal medicine was advanced far beyond what they knew

Europeans enjoyed the Indian inventions of the toboggan, dogsled, moccasin and snowshoe

Native skills were invaluable: canoeing, fish/spear/net, find/stalk/kill game, how to dress, tap/boil sap for syrup, make/maintain fire, build a warm/dry shelter

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

The Artwork of Frances Anne Hopkins Captured The Fur Trade and Life of the Voyageur

Arrived in 1858 from England, married and stayed for 12 years

Returned to England with her husband and continued to paint until her death in 1918

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

The “Grand Portage”

8.5 mile trail connecting lake Superior to what was Ft. Charlotte

Follows the lower Pigeon River

Portage opened trade in fur-rich forests

Links chains of lakes and rivers to the Pacific Ocean

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Voyageur Canoe Types

Canots du Nord carried up to ton and a half 24 - 28 ft., and 4-6 paddlers

Canots du Maitre traveled with loads up to 5 tons, 7-16 paddlers and up to 40 ft.

Voyageur Canoe“Brigades” (3-6 canoes) traveled on the Great Lakes Routes

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Canoe Use in Transition and End of the Bark Era

Settlement of the West in mid-1800s brought wagon roads, ships and steam trains and eventually took the place of the canoe in commerce

Canoes were getting bigger and bigger, loads were heavier, quality birch bark was harder to find and by the late 1800s canvas started to replace bark

The original and primary canoe uses of subsistence fishing, hunting, trapping and gathering were greatly diminished by the urbanization of society

Recreation and sport have overtaken primary uses

Resort living and cottaging became a lifestyle for the wealthy with canoeing as a major part of summer leisure living

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

The Emergence of the Canoe as Recreation and Sport

Indians raced canoes for fun & Europeans took to canoe sports post the turning of wilderness into “civilized” countryside

Canoe regattas began before 1850

Canoe meets popular by the early 1900s

Many N. American towns on water had a canoe/boat club with storage at water level and dancing or other social activity on the 2nd floor

Canoeing became a medal sport in the 1936 Olympics

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Growth of Canoeing and Paddle Sports Around the World

People have more leisure time

Trend toward spending time in healthy pursuits

More disposable income to spend on equipment

Olympics in the 1990s promoted interest in racing and adventure paddling

Between 40-50 countries compete in Olympic canoe and paddling events

America and Canada remain the spiritual and statistical centers for paddling

26 million North Americans participate in paddle sports

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Canoeing Fun Facts

June 23, 2012 Canada National Canoe Day

Longest trip ever taken: Don Stark and 2 sons paddles 12, 181 miles from Winnipeg to the mouth of the Amazon

Largest raft of canoes and kayaks ever: 1,902 on September 24, 2011 at Inlet, NY (Adirondacks)

Canoe societies in US, Canada, British Isles, Europe, Korea & Japan

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012

Classes Without Quizzes: Alumni Weekend June 23, 2012