Hickox: Baker Biology Animals Chapter 25 - 32. Classification Based On: Skeletal Structure:...

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Hickox: Baker Biology

Animals

Chapter 25 - 32

Classification Based On:

Skeletal Structure: (Invertebrate vs. Vertebrate)

1) Invertebrate: an animal that does not have a backbone. Examples: Crabs, spiders, grasshoppers, dragonflies, and beetles. Many invertebrates have a exoskeleton.

2) Vertebrate: an animal with an endoskeleton and a backbone. All vertebrates have bilaterally symmetry. Examples are fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Hickox: Baker BiologyInvertebrates with Exoskeleton

Exoskeletons and Endoskeletons

3) Exoskeleton - External Skeleton

4) Mollusks or crabs exoskeleton of (calcium carbonate) and Arthropods or insects exoskeleton of (chitin).

5) Endoskeleton - Internal Skeleton

6) Bone and cartilage which grows with the animal.

7) Does not limit space for internal organs, and supports greater weight.

Video of Invertebrates

Bone EndoskeletonBackbone animals

Cartilage Internal Skeleton

Vertebrates with Endoskeletons and a Backbone

Symmetry- Asymmetry, Radial, Bilaterial

8) Asymmetry symmetry- irregularly shaped body as in no symmetry. Example: Sponges.

9) Radial Symmetry

10) Can be divided along any plane through a central axis. Example: sand dollar and

• starfish.

Radial Symmetry sea urchin

Bilateral symmetry

11) Can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves. In bilateral animals, the anterior, or head end, often has sensory organs. The posterior is the tail end and the dorsal is the upper surface. The ventral is the lower surface.

12. Name the surface features of each.

A. DORSAL B. VENTRALC. ANTERIER D. POSTERIOR

E. PECTORAL

Hickox: Baker High School BIOLOGY

Body Coverings: feathers, fur, scales

14) Feathers: lightweight, modified protein scales that:15) Provides insulation(needed in EndothermicAnimals) 16) Enables flight

17) Fur: Hair in Mammals• Provides insulation(needed in Endothermic Animals)• ProtectionEndothermic: (Warm blooded), Heat from within the animal

Open or Closed Invertebrate Circulation

18) Two types of circulatory fluids:

Blood - contained within blood vessels

19) Open Circulatory System

Heart pumps through vessels into tissue spaces. Example: Insects

20) Closed Circulatory System

Blood pumped by the heart into a system of blood vessels. Example: Fish, Amphibian Birds, Reptiles, & Mammals

Open Circulatory System

Closed Circulatory System

Transport in Vertebrates

21) All vertebrates have a closed, cardiovascular system.

– Atria receive blood and ventricles pump blood out through blood vesicles.

Arteries - Carry blood away from heart.

Capillaries - Exchange materials with tissue fluid.

Veins - Return blood to heart.

Comparison of Circulatory Pathways

22) Fish - Blood flows in single loop.– Single atrium(blood in) and single

ventricle(blood out).

23) Amphibians - Blood flows in double loop.– Two atria(blood in) with single ventricle(blood

24) Other vertebrates - Blood flows in a double loop. Two atria(blood in) and two ventricle(blood out)– Heart divided by septum into separate sides.

Mader: Biology 8th Ed.

Circulatory Circuits

Animal Movement

25) Amoeboid movement with its pseudopodia

Locomotion of Animals

26) Use of cilia in the Paramecium

videos

27) Locomotion in animals with a flagella (whip like)

Hickox: Baker High School BIOLOGY

Ectoderm vs. Endotherm

28) Endotherm is an animal that maintains a nearly constant body temperature that is not dependent on the environmental temperature.

• Birds are endothermic (warm blooded)• Mammals are endothermic (warm blooded)

Feathers and fur reduce heat loss in cold temperatures

• Body temperatureremains relativelyConstant.

Ectoderm vs. Endotherm

29) Ectotherm: is a animal that has a variable body temperature and gets its heat from external sources. An ectotherm may become dormant as temperature drops. • Amphibians are ectothermic (cold blooded)• Reptiles are ectothermic (cold blooded) • Body temperature raises and falls according to the external temperature.

Dry vs. Wet Skin

30) Dry Skin: Reptiles have a dry skin with scales, while Amphibians have a Wet Skin that is smooth.Reptiles Amphibians

• Usually tetrapod• Lungs usually present in adults.• Metamorphosis• Smooth and moist skin.• Three-chambered heart.• Ectothermic

• Usually tetrapod• Lungs with

expandable rib cage• Shelled amniotic egg• Dry, scaly skin• Ectothermic

External and Internal Fertilization

31) Most animals reproduce sexually. Male animals produce sperm cells and female animals produce egg cells. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell penetrates the egg cell, forming a new cell called a zygote. In animals, fertilization may be internal or external.

Sponges have external and internal fertilization.

Sponge feeding

External and Internal Fertilization

External Fertilization• 32) Many gametes are

released usually in water by each sex

• requires water for sperm to swim to egg

• animals are aquatic or return to water for reproduction

• fish, amphibians are example of external fertilizers.

Internal Fertilization

33) practiced by species that lay shelled eggs or have a period of internal embryonic development.• mammals and

birds are examples of internal fertilizers

Hickox: Baker Biology Animals Chapter 25 - 32. Classification Based On: Skeletal Structure:...

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