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METHODS OF
COLLECTION &TRANSMISSION
Communication Systems
by
Engr. Khurram Hashmi
OfHydro Metrological Data
being used on the
INDUS BASIN
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Hydro Metrological Data
Precipitation
Rain
Snow fall
Temperature Wind speed, direction
Solar Radiation
Relative Humidity
Volume of water flowing (Million Acres Feet) Water level (Rivers, Canals)
Discharge (Rivers, Canals, Barrages)
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Indus
Basin
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Hydro-Met Data usage
Predicting Glacier and snow melt in-flows into
the Mangla and Tarbela reservoirs
Flood forecasting
Used in studying the effects climate changeand its impact on the water resources
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Hydro-Meteorological Data
Transmission Media
HF Radio
Flood Data (Voice) network.
Meteor Burst Communication
Snow & Ice Hydrology Network
Flood Telemetry network
Satellite Communication (VSAT)
Indus Basin Irrigation System Telemetry Network
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Indus basin
Meteor Burst Communication
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Meteors
Trail
Trail is composed ofionized Particles
Denser thanSurrounding air
Can reflect Radiowaves
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Meteor Scatter
Discovered in the 1930s
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Meteor Burst Communication
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Meteor Burst Communication
System
Master CollectionStation
Remote Terminal
Units (RTUs)
Main(Master Collection Station)
Remotes
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Meteor Burst Communication
System (SNOTEL)
2000 km max
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Snow & Ice Hydrology WAPDA
Flood Telemetry Network WAPDA
Meteor Burst CommunicationNetwork Indus Basin
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Meteor Burst Network- Indus Basin
64 RTUs
2 Masters
OperatingFrequency:
40-42 MHz
Master CollectionStations
(2)
Northern areas
(Gilgit Baltistan)
RTUs
(20)
Foot hills & Plains
RTUs
(44)
Collected Data used forResearch
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MBCS
WAPDA
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Remote Terminal Units ( RTU )
Frequency 41.5 MHz
modulation Bi - Phase ShiftKeying
Data Rate 4 Kbps
PowerConsumption
>100 Watts
Antenna gain 5.5 dB
Frequency 40.925 MHz
modulation Bi Phase Shift
Keying
Data Rate 4 Kbps
Antenna gain 5.5 dB
Noise Figure 4dB
Transmitter Tx Receiver Rx
Same Antenna For Tx & Rx with in between switching
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Tippet Bucket
(Rain)
Pressure Transducerfor River Level( not visible )
Data Transmission Box
Solar Panel
Tx, RxYagiAntenna
RTU - Flood
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SENSORS INSTALLED
Temperature
Precipitation
Relative Humidity
Solar Radiation
Snow Water Equivalent
Wind (Speed; Direction)
Khunjerab (4710masl)
Remote Terminal Unit-Mountains
Wind
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Solar RadiationPrecipitation
Snow Pillow(buried)
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Sonic Sensor
Antenna
TemperatureSensor
RTUSonic Water Level Sensor
Solar panelData Transmission Box
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Sonic Sensor Fixing Arrangement
Looking Upward
Sonic Sensor for River Level
Antenna
Solar panel
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SONIC SENSOR From Top
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DataLogger canstore up to7 days of
Data
360 daysmemory innewerversions
100 Amp hr12 Voltsbattery
Battery
Radio
Data Logger
Temperature SensorFuses
Inside Data Transmission Box
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Master Station
Capable ofHandling 1000Remote TerminalUnits
Output Power500W
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Master Collection Station
Frequency 40.5 MHz
modulation Bi - Phase ShiftKeying
Data Rate 4 Kbps
PowerConsumption
500 Watts
Antenna gain 7dB
Frequency 41.5 MHz
modulation Bi - Phase Shift
Keying
Data Rate 4 Kbps
Antenna gain 7dB
Noise Figure 4dB
Transmitter Tx Receiver Rx
One Antenna For Tx More than one for Rx
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Snow & Ice Hydrology Network
20 RTUs
FLOOD TELEMETRY NETWORK
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FLOOD TELEMETRY NETWORK
44 RTUs
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System Reliability: operating without problems since1993
System Performance: 95% of data received from 95%stations within an hour.
Data Security : No loss of Data Usage: Good for Quasi Real Time data transmission
Dependence: System completely owned by WAPDA
Power Requirements: Works on minimum power. ForRemote Stations One 100 Amp-Hr Battery is good for one
year. Maintenance Requirements: Minimum maintenance
Flexibility : Master Station can handle 1000 Stations
Low cost Operation
MBCS - System performance
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Being used elsewhere
Meteor Burst
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Nile Basin Study and Management
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Nile Delta
o300Remote Terminal Units
o20 Sub Masters
oManaging the Aswan High Dam
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An Irrigation canal - Nile
SNO k T l N k
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SNOpack Telemetry Network
(SNOTEL) , USA
600 RemoteTerminal Units
2 Masters
13 states USA
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Weather Map - SNOTEL
F M S f
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Future Mars Surface
Communication System
Proposed for usage in futurecommunication on mars
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Railroad Signals
Point to point communication along tracks in
USA
The transmission rate is of the order of milli-
seconds
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Indus Basin Irrigation System telemetryNetwork
Satellite Communication (VSAT)
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VSAT
A Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT), is atwo-way satellite ground station.
A stabilized maritime VSAT antenna with
a dish antenna that is smaller than 3 meters. The majority of VSAT antennas range from
75 cm to 1.2 m.
Data rates typically range from 56 Kbit/s up to4 Mbit/s.
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VSAT
VSATs access satellites in geosynchronousorbit to relay data from small remote earth stations(terminals) to other terminals (in meshconfigurations) or master earth stations "hubs"
VSATs are most commonly used totransmit narrowband data (point ofsale transactions such as credit card, or SCADA),or broadband data (for the provision of Satellite
Internet access to remote locations). VSATs are also used for transportable, on-the-
move or mobile maritime communications.
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Installed in 2003
To verify water distribution among theprovinces.
Indus Basin Irrigation System TelemetryNetwork
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23 Data acquisition sites.
8 Monitoring sites
Sensors:
a. Water level sensors
(ultrasonic type)
b. Gate position sensors
(pulse type)
Satellite Communication (VSAT)
Indus Basin Irrigation System TelemetryNetwork
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Gate Position Sensor
Attached to the
barrage gate liftingshafts
Counts shaftrevolutions
Determines the
opening of barragegates
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Observation well
By the side of
Barrages
For themeasurement of
water level
Ultrasonic sensors
installed
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Data Acquisition Unit (DAU)
Collection point forData from Gateopening sensors
Relays data to theMain Unit
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Link To Satellite - Main Unit
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Telemetry Project for Indus Basin Irrigation System
Telemetr Project for Ind s Basin Irrigation S stem
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Telemetry Project for Indus Basin Irrigation System
WATER
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WATERDISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
REMOTE SITES
The project includes installation ofmonitoring system at 23 remote site, theseremote sites includes 17 barrages whichare built over tributaries of Indus basinirrigation system and their respective canalheadworks, 02 water reservoirs (Tarbela
and Mangla dams) and 04 canals.
WATER
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WATERDISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
MONITORING SITES
Data such as Water discharge, level andgate positions and voice communicationfrom 23 remote sites is made available tothe following monitoring sites via VSATlink.
IRSA Headquarters CE WAPDA CE Advisor SI Punjab SI SINDH SI N.W.F.P SI Baluchistan CE D.M. Jamali
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HF Radio
High Freq. Voice Communication
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What Does HF Mean?HF stands for HIGH FREQUENCY
These are the frequencies from 1.8* to 30MHz or the 160 meterto 10 meter bands.
HF is also known as shortwave.
*160m is actually a Mid Frequency (MF) band but it is included inthe Amateur HF bands for ease of discussion.
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How is HF different thanFM repeaters?
Allows communication beyond line of sight.Contacts are generally a couple of hundredmiles to over several thousand miles.
Propagation is strongly effected by solar
activity. Several communication modes are available to
use. SSB, CW, RTTY, SSTV, Digital, AM
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HF Radio
Flood Data Voice Network
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Transmission Tower
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Frequency BandsChannels Frequency: kHz
1 9414
2 7968
3 6500
4 5600
5 53006 5219
7 5205
8 5155
9 5071
10 4700
11 3205
12 3209.5
13 6760.5
14 7962.5
Channels Frequency: kHz
15 9283.5
16 3500
Morning
Night
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Manual Gauge- River Kunhar
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Manual Gauge- River Kunhar
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Gari Habibullah - River Kunhar
H F R dio Comm Net ork FFT
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H.F. Radio Comm. Network -FFT
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Conclusion. . .
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A Glacier Gilgit BaltistanThese pictures were taken during field maintenance tours
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The Karakorums near Ataabad
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Field Maintenance Crew Snow & Ice Hydrology Project (WAPDA)Crossing the Ataabad Lake
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Taking manual water level measurements - to configure sensors
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Taking manual water level measurements - to configure sensors
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Thank You
Exploring new horizonsCrossing the Atabad Lake. .